Course Overview Review of Energy and Power August 20, 2015

Session 01 components Review of course webpage Course objectives and outcomes Course organization, texts, assignments, etc. Energy and Power - Definitions and calibration Energy and Power - Consumption, present and future 2

Learning Outcomes A review of some essential concepts o Energy o Power 3

Value to participants It is critical to know the fundamental physics of energy, energy conversion, power, and power generation in this enterprise 4

An Energy and Power Primer A few words about units The organization, SI, has established these “attachments” to simplify Scientific Notation 5 Order of magnitude SI name 10 9 Giga (G) Tera (T) Peta (P) Exa (E) Zetta (Z) Yotta (Y)

An Energy and Power Primer A few words about energy and power: Energy is a measurement of capacity to do work. It is expressed in units of Joules (J) Energy is expressed in two different forms: o Kinetic Energy – energy in motion o Potential Energy – energy in position 6 Consider the pendulum

An Energy and Power Primer Energy is “conserved” – it is neither created nor destroyed. But it can be converted from one form to another Energy is also expressed in several different formats: o Optical Energy o Chemical Energy o Mechanical Energy o Thermal Energy o Electrical Energy Power is the rate at which energy is employed. It is expressed in units of Watts (W). One Watt equals one Joule per second 7

An Energy Primer The original units for energy and power came from thermal science o One calorie (1 cal) is the energy required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius (1 o C) o One kilocalorie (1kcal) is the energy required to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius (1 o C) – this is 1 food calorie o One British Thermal Unit (1 BTU) is the energy required to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit (1 o F) o The most common unit for energy (work) in the scientific community is the Joule (J) 1 cal = 4.18 J 1 BTU = 1055 J o The most common unit for energy in energy policy and engineering circles is the kilowatt-hour (kWh) 8

An Energy Primer o The most common unit for energy in energy policy and engineering circles is the kilowatt- hour (kWh) 1 kWh = 1000W. 1hour = 1000W sec = 3,600,000 W. sec = 3,600,000 J = 3.6MJ o The energy content of fuels (like coal, oil) is usually quoted in BTUs 1 kWh = 3.6MJ J/BTU = 3412 BTU o The BIG unit of energy measurement is the Quad: 1 Q = BTU = 2.93 x kWh = 293 TWh 9

An Energy Primer - Calibration So what is the size of 1 kWh, in common, everyday values? Suppose Prof. Kozicki decides to go to Argentina and climb Mt. Aconcagua. How much potential energy does he gain during the climb? 10

An Energy Primer Optical Energy is the energy contained in light; Optical Power is the rate at which optical energy is delivered. Chemical Energy is energy stored in atomic bonds, and in the motion or separation of ionic charges. The lead acid battery, or the AA dry cell, stores chemical energy. Mechanical Energy is the energy in moving or displaced objects at both microscopic and macroscopic scales. A spinning flywheel has kinetic mechanical energy; water stored behind a dam has potential mechanical energy. Thermal Energy refers to the energy associated with heat and its transfer 11

An Energy Primer Electrical Energy is the energy contained in electrons and other charged particles; Electrical Power is the rate at which electrical energy is delivered to an “electrical load” Electrical Power is calculated by multiplying the Electrical Current and the Electrical Voltage in the electrical device o Current is a measure of the flow of electrons (amperes) o Voltage is a measure of the potential energy (volts) 12