Modern Philosophy Part Three

Historical Background The Enlightenment Introduction The Age of Enlightenment Philosophy & Science Four Pillars of the Enlightenment Nature Reason Education & Experience Progress

Newton Background Background Science Newton Hero The end of Aristotelian science Empirical Rejection of speculative theory

Newton Impact Newtonian Model for Philosophy Philosophers Influenced by Newton Julien La Metrie Influence on Epistemology & Philosophy of Mind Newtonian Science & Religion Reaction Newton & Religion God in the Gaps

The Rise of Disbelief Theism Reduced Theism Deism The Skeptics Naturalistic Atheism

The French The Philosophes Philosophes Social Criticism Influences Encyclopedie

John Locke Background Background Locke’s Project Methodology Early years & education Public life Revolution Works The End Locke’s Project Age of enlightenment Motivation & task Methodology Ideas Historically plain method

John Locke Empirical Epistemology Critique of Innate Ideas Goals Innate Ideas Universal Agreement Universal Knowledge Moral Principles

John Locke Empirical Epistemology Theory of Simple Ideas Origin of Knowledge Newtonian Influence Simple Ideas Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Sensation Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Reflection Only two sources of ideas.

John Locke Empirical Epistemology Theory of Complex Ideas Origin of Complex Ideas Classification of Complex Ideas Compounding Abstracting & Abstract Ideas Primary & Secondary Qualities Qualities Primary Qualities Secondary Qualities Powers Locke’s general reasoning for the distinction

John Locke Empirical Epistemology Representative Realism & Judgment Representative Realism Judgment The Mohneaux Problem Degrees of Knowledge Knowledge Intuitive knowledge Demonstrative knowledge Adequate Practical Approach

John Locke Metaphysics: Personal Identity Substance Idea of substance Locke’s elephant story Ideas of material substance & spiritual substance The Identity of Living Things Living creatures Man Identity of Man What is Man?

John Locke Metaphysics: Personal Identity Consciousness & Personal Identity Person Consciousness Consciousness makes Personal Identity Forgetting Clothing analogy & hand argument Personal Identity & Immaterial Substance Is it the same person through change of substance? Two distinct persons & one immaterial substance? Example: Nestor

John Locke Metaphysics: Personal Identity Memory & Personal Identity Resurrection The Prince & the Cobbler Language Self Depends on Consciousness Consciousness The Little Finger

John Locke Metaphysics: Personal Identity Reward & Punishment PI and Justice The Little Finger Personal Identity Objection & Reply A Problem about Punishment Drunk, Asleep & Judgment Day Odd Cases Two & One

John Locke Moral Theory Morality Moral Ideas Pleasure & Pain Law Three Kinds of Law Locke’s rationalist account of ethics Moral demonstration Locke’s empirical account of ethics Locke’s mixed bag

John Locke Philosophy of Religion Empirical Ideas of God Introduction Source of the idea of God Rejection of the perfection argument Proving God’s existence Proving Deism Locke’s view Impact

John Locke Political Philosophy Background The State of Nature The state Locke’s assumptions Differences from Hobbes’ state of nature The qualities of the state of nature

John Locke Political Philosophy Natural Laws & Rights Natural law theory Common property The basis of property & Locke’s proviso Limits of property Right of punishment & reparation Right of self defense Slavery

John Locke Political Philosophy Social Contract Motivation1: the state of nature lacks established, settled, known law Motivation 2: the state of nature lacks a known and indifferent judge Motivation 3: in the state of nature there is a lack of power to enforce sentences The contract & consent Majority rule Express & tacit consent

John Locke Political Philosophy Limits of government Powers given up in society Limits of power Extent of the legislative power Natural law remains Branches of government Tyranny & Resistance Tyranny Resistance

John Locke Problems & Impact Innate Ideas Straw man? Intellect Representative realism Problem of the external world Locke’s proposed solution Problem Tyranny of the majority Majority rule

John Locke Problems & Impact Impact & Significance Politics Philosophy

George Berkeley Background There was a young man who said, "God Must think it exceedingly odd If he finds that this tree Continues to be, When there's no one about in the quad." Dear Sir, your astonishment's odd I'm always about in the quad, And that's why the tree Continues to be, Since observed by, Yours faithfully, God

George Berkeley Background Life Impact on American Education

George Berkeley Opposing Skepticism & Atheism Berkeley’s Project Treatise Three Dialogues Newtonian Science Matter Idealism Against skepticism The philosopher of common sense

George Berkeley Empirical Reformation Locke to the logical conclusion Locke Theory of Ideas Ideas Criticism of Abstract Ideas Locke’s theory of abstract ideas Berkeley’s criticism General ideas Language problem Rejection of abstract ideas: rejection of matter

George Berkeley Empirical Reformation Arguments from Mental Dependency Meaning Argument Idea argument Objection & reply Argument from Pain & Pleasure The argument Heat & pain

George Berkeley Empirical Reformation Arguments from Perceptual Relativity Hot & Cold Argument Taste & Odor Argument Sound Color Results

George Berkeley Empirical Reformation Primary & Secondary Qualities Arguments Primary & Secondary Qualities Contradiction argument Inseparability Argument Extension Argument Objection: extension & matter in general Number Argument Dream Argument Distance Argument

George Berkeley Empirical Reformation Imagination Argument Criticism of Representational Realism Locke Objection Primary & secondary qualities

George Berkeley Metaphysics The World Objection: banishing the real Reply Dreams vs. Reality Existence Samuel Johnson Seeming Absurdity

George Berkeley Metaphysics Cause of Ideas Goal Ideas cannot Cause Ideas Material Substance Substance Spirit & Ideas Spirit There can be no idea of soul or spirit The active mind Ideas of sense

George Berkeley Metaphysics Proof of God’s Existence Knowledge of other spirits Argument from design God: another proof & cause God the Perceiver Perceiver Refutation of Deism Deism Refutation

George Berkeley Metaphysics Problem with God The Problem Hylas’ Dilemma Berkeley’s Reply Hylas’ Reply

George Berkeley Science & Laws of Nature Science in an Immaterial World Berkeley’s View The Laws of Nature Causation Science & Religion Scriptural Argument Time & Space

George Berkeley Problems & Impact Trilemma Solipsism Representative Realism Pantheism Other Problems Perceiving & Conceiving Notion Common Sense Hume Theists

George Berkeley Problems & Impact