DNA DATABASE EXPANSION IN THE 2001 UNITED STATES European Network of Forensic Science August 27, 2001 Muenster, Germany Presented by Tim Schellberg, J.D. - Smith Alling Lane, P.S. Washington DC (202) Tacoma, WA (253)

Reviewing Legislative DNA Database Expansion Activity in 1999 and 2000 z Estimated 10 states introduced bills and 6 passed z States introduced bill and 8 passed zIdentified trends in 1999 & Steady, yet conservative growth 4 Focus on violent crimes and burglary 4 Very few states considering all felons 4 State and federal legislators starting to fund DNA databasing

PASSED (8) Arizona -- Most non-drug related felonies Colorado -- Most non-drug related felonies Florida -- Burglary Georgia -- All felony convictions New Jersey -- Several violent felonies South Carolina -- Most non-drug related felonies South Dakota - Most non-drug related felonies West Virginia -- Most non-drug related felonies In 2000, 19 states introduced legislation to expand the offenders from whom DNA samples are required DNA Database Expansion (2000) DID NOT PASS (11) Alaska -- Burglary California -- All felony convictions Connecticut-- Fingerprintable arrests Hawaii -- Most violent crimes Kentucky -- Most violent crimes Mississippi -- All felony convictions New York -- All misdemeanor and felony convictions Pennsylvania -- Most violent crimes Ohio -- Most non-drug related felonies Rhode Island -- Breaking and entering & assault Washington -- All felony convictions

35 states have introduced over 110 bills to expand the state offender DNA database to include more felons. Of these states, 24 have introduced bills to expand the DNA database to include all convicted felons. DNA Database Expansion in the 2001 Legislature

35 states have introduced over 110 bills to expand the state offender DNA database to include more felons. Of these states, 24 have introduced bills to expand the DNA database to include all convicted felons. DNA Database Expansion in the 2001 Legislature F F F F F F FF F F F F Current all-felons states Passed 2001 Legislation Pending 2001 Legislation Defeated 2001 Legislation F F F

2001 Expansion Bills AlaskaSB 99 - Halford & MurkowskiBurglaryPassed Arkansas HB HuntBurglary Passed HB VerkampAll FelonsFailed ArizonaSB SmithAll FelonsFailed CaliforniaAB MigdenBurglary, robbery, arson,Pending carjacking ColoradoHB GrossmanAll FelonsPassed ConnecticutSB 89 - BrienViolent felonies, burglaryFailed DelawareHB 4 - EwingAll FelonsFailed FloridaSB Villalobos & SilverAll FelonsPassed HawaiiMultiple bills (HB -1577Marumoto)All FelonsFailed IowaHF BaudlerAll FelonsFailed IllinoisHB Lyons Stalking, concealment of a Passed homicide IndianaSB AlexaProbationers & paroleesPassed KansasSB FelcianoBurglary, misdemeanor Passed sex offenses KentuckyHB 33 - YountsAll FelonsFailed MaineLD CarrClass A,B & C crimesPassed MichiganMultiple bills (Van Regenmorter, Faunce, Kooiman, others) All FelonsPassed

2001 Expansion Bills MinnesotaMultiple billsAll FelonsFailed MississippiMultiple billsAll FelonsFailed MissouriHB BoucherAll FelonsFailed MontanaHB ClarkAll FelonsPassed North CarolinaHB BlustAll FelonsPending North DakotaHB KleminViolent felons, burglaryPassed New HampshireSB 30 - HollingworthMurder, assault, arson, rob.Failed New JerseySB BuccoRobbery, carjacking, criminal Pending restraint NevadaAB GustavsonA, B & C feloniesPassed New YorkSB 5640All FelonsPending OklahomaSB WilkersonRobbery, burglary, kidnap, Passed maiming OregonSB 920 HB Minnis and Winters All FelonsPassed PennsylvaniaSB DentBurglaryPending Rhode IslandSB 92 - BrienCrimes of violencePassed South CarolinaSB McConnell2nd degree burglaryPassed TexasHB GarciaAll FelonsPassed SB BarrientosIndictments for certain crimesPassed WashingtonHB MilosciaAll FelonsFailed West VirginiaHB PinoArson, burglary, forgeryFailed

Failed X Senate Bill 1171 (Smith) -- All felons.  Collection, but no analysis

Passed  House Bill 1130 (Grossman) -- All felons.  In custody of Department of Corrections  Allocates anticipated federal funding

Passed  Senate Bill 366 (Villalobos & Silver) -- All felons.  Phased in over 4 years  Subject to specific appropriation

Passed  Senate Bill 316 (Alexa)  Obtains samples from specified offenders not in the custody of the Department of Corrections.

Passed  Legislative Document 1565 (Carr) -- Class A, B & C Crimes.  Expands offenses for databasing, but repeals current law that requires collection from juveniles.  Opposed by the state crime lab - the reduction of juveniles will be greater than the expansion of crimes for databasing.

Passing  Multiple all felon bills.  Very Comprehensive  Some misdemeanor  Adds Juveniles  Seems to have aggressive agency support

Failed X House Bill 440 (Boucher) -- All felons.  Defeated at the last minute  Agency did not support the bill

Passed  House Bill 5313 (Brien) - Adds violent crime.  Takes effect upon receipt of federal funding.  How much federal funding will be necessary?

Passed Two Bills  House Bill 588 (Garcia) -- All felons.  Not retroactive  No juveniles  Contingent on federal or “other” funding  Penalties for misuse of data  Senate Bill 638 (Barrientos) -- Indictments for certain sex crimes and burglary.  Where is murder and robbery?  What will the courts do?  Can federal money be used?

FY 2002 Federal Funding Outlook for DNA zCongressional Budget (H. Con Res. 83) Sense of the Senate Language 4 $65 Million for DNA Backlog Elimination Act (HR 4640) 4 $85 Million for National Forensic Science Improvement Act (S. 3045) zCongressional Appropriations 4 In progress... zPresident’s Proposed Budget 4 $35 Million for the DNA Backlog Elimination Act (HR 4640) 4 $35 Million for the DNA / CLIP Program

Trends From 2001 Legislatures zAll-Felons 4 In 2000, only 5 states attempted the all- felons legislation. This year, 24 states have already introduced the all-felons legislation. zLess Active Opposition 4 The Texas ACLU decided to not oppose the all- felons bill

All-Felons DNA Database Expansion in the 2001 Legislature Introduced all-felons legislation in 2001 Introduced all felons legislation in 2000 Already require DNA samples from all felons all-felons bills introduced all-felons bills introduced

Trends (continued) zSecure authority now and worry about the implementation ($$) later zState reliance on federal funding zMore states looking at DNA upon arrest

What a difference a year makes! zIn 2000 only 8 states passed DNA expansion bills. In 2001 an estimated 22 states will pass expansion legislation. yWhy the change? Ü New data Ü Success of the database Ü Citizen demand

DNA Database Expansion Successes: Past, Present, Future 1999 (6 states)2000 (8 states) 2001 (22 states, est.)

The Virginia Data zWhat happens when you compare Virginia’s data against states that only collect DNA from violent offenders? 4 “Approximately 85% of hits would have been missed if databank were limited to only violent offenders” Paul Ferrara, Director, Virginia Division of Forensic Science zOther studies 4 52% of Florida offenders linked to sexual assaults and homicides by DNA database matches have had prior burglary convictions (non violent offense)

Policy Concerns Developing in 2001 zNon-retroactive. zLimitation of collection to those in the custody of the Corrections Department. zHow will the feds feel about making the expansion contingent on federal funding? zExempting juveniles (Maine and Texas). zPromoting arrestee bills to the detriment of all felon bills.

Expansion Bills are Passing, But Lack Coordinated Advocacy zAdvocating DNA expansion is popular among the legislators, but it has not hit the mainstream zState criminal justice agencies generally are not promoting expansion zLaw enforcement and victim associations seem to have other top priorities

The Need for Statistics zComparing all-felon states to other states. yWhat is the difference in solving crime? yWhat impact does it have on preventing crime? yDiversion of resources to other cases.

Predictions zA steady push for all felons will continue. zArrestee testing legislation will be begin to pass, but databasing of arrestee samples will be resisted. zState funding for databasing will continue to be a challenge.

Questions Tim Schellberg, J.D. - Smith Alling Lane, P.S. Washington DC (202) Tacoma, WA (253)