Properties of Matter Unit 2 Lecture 1

Matter Matter: anything that has mass & takes up space The only things which truly exist in the universe are: matter energy

Properties of Matter Physical Properties what an object “is” [a description of a material] ex: size, color, mass, etc.

Properties of Matter – cont’d Chemical Properties what an object “does” become evident during a chemical reaction ex: (in)flammability, chemical stability, pH…etc.

Properties of Matter – cont’d Physical Changes any change to the material that does not change the material itself change deals with the state/phase of the matter are REVERSIBLE ex: icewatersteam; salt dissolved in water

Properties of Matter – cont’d Chemical Changes – aka Chemical Reactions result in one or more new substances [new substances have – of course – different chem & physical properties than original substance] results in a change of energy ex: acid + water gives off heat NON-REVERSIBLE [except through another chem. rxn]

Properties of Matter – cont’d Obvious signs of a Chemical Change/Reaction color change energy released [heat, light, etc] odor gas(es) or solid(s) produced …etc.

Discuss Is each a: physical property, physical change, chemical property, or chemical change? ice melting hydrogen & oxygen making water a car is blue iron ore can be melted to obtain pure iron a screw on the deck rusts

Matter – cont’d Composition of Matter based on what types of particles make up a substance Elements, Compounds or Mixtures Phases of Matter / States of Matter based on how particles are arranged because of Energy Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

[you’ll fill these in for each phase of matter as we go along] Phases of Matter If you like to write A LOT, you may need another sheet of lined paper. I will tell you what you need to write down, then we will quickly review at the end. Phase of Matter Volume Shape Particle Mvmt Energy /Temp Other Notes [you’ll fill these in for each phase of matter as we go along]

Phases of Matter – Solids crystal lattice: repeating pattern of particles that are locked into shape melting points are influenced by strong forces between elements of this structure

Solids – cont’d Particle Movement & Energy particles vibrate around the arranged atoms low energy

Solids – OTHER Talc: 1 Quartz: 100 Topaz: 200 Diamond: 1600 Hardness describes how hard a solid is compared to other solids is influenced by forces between particles in a solid Talc: 1 Quartz: 100 Topaz: 200 Diamond: 1600

Solids – cont’d Something you don’t need to know: 3 things that define the hardness of an object scratch – resistance to fracture / deformation due to sharp object indentation – resistance to deformation due to constant load of object rebound – height of bounce

Solids – cont’d Shape & Volume shape and volume are definite – not dependent on the size or shape of container must add energy to change shape or volume

Solids – OTHER Shape & Volume amorphous solids – solids that change shape when energy is applied, but retain their shape w/o added energy “a-” – non/not [negative prefix] “morph-” – form, shape wax, glass, play-doh

Phases of Matter – Liquids particles of matter are touching but not locked into pattern/shape

Liquids – cont’d Particle Movement & Energy particles “slide” past one another – not fixed atoms mobile, but are still close together higher energy than solids

Liquids – OTHER Viscosity describes how well a liquid flows high viscosity = “thick”; low viscosity “thin” based on attractive forces between the particles Which is more viscous??

Liquids – cont’d Shape & Volume shape not defined - take the shape of their container volume is defined – not based on the size or shape of container

Liquids – OTHER Surface of a liquid is assumed to be parallel to the surface of the Earth when at rest Amorphous solids are also classified as “super-cooled liquids”

Phases of Matter - Gases particles are not locked into a pattern and rarely come into contact with each other – very spread out collisions define the pressure of the gas we will discuss this soon.

Gases – cont’d Particle Movement & Energy independent, straight-line patterns – not fixed. only brief interaction when collision occurs higher energy than solids

Gases – cont’d Shape & Volume indefinite shape – take the shape of their container indefinite volume – take the shape of their container change shape & volume based on container this is why aromatics/perfumes will spread across a room

Phases of Matter - Plasma very similar to a gas, but particles collide with so much force, electrons are knocked off of atoms creates a “charged gas” state

Plasma – cont’d Particle Movement & Energy movements similar to gases MUCH higher energy than other phases

Plasma – cont’d Shape & Volume indefinite shape – take the shape of their container indefinite volume – take the shape of their container

Plasma - OTHER Plasma uncommon on Earth; they start around 5000 ºC only in lightning, aurorae

Phases of Matter Type of Matter Volume Shape Solid definite Liquid takes shape of container Gas expands to fill container Plasma

Type of Matter Particle Movement Energy / Temperature Solid fixed vibrations around bonded atoms lowest Liquid slide close to one another higher than solids Gas move almost independently; straight lines higher than liquids Plasma similar to gases MUCH higher than other phases

Discuss Which is the lowest energy phase of matter? Which is the highest energy phase of matter? In which phase of matter are particles sliding past one another? Which phase of matter is rarely found on Earth? In which phase of matter are particles locked in a regular, repeating pattern?

Phase Changes You must add or remove Heat Energy to change from one phase to another

Phase Changes – Warming up! Three Phase Changes that require added heat energy: Melting solid  liquid Vaporization liquid  gas Sublimation solid  gas

Phase Changes – Cooling down! Phase Changes that require removal of heat energy: Condensation gas  liquid Freezing liquid  solid gassolid Honors Only Third Change Deposition gas  solid

Phase Changes – Graphic Plateaus exist while matter is changing from one form to another until all matter is converted.

Homework finish Chapters 15, 16, and 17 vocabulary - due Friday States of Matter Crossword [pgs 2-3] - crossword ignores “plasma” as a phase - REALLY LIGHT – write down the #of letters per word

Crossword – Help DOWN 1 – 14 letters 14 – 5 letters 3 – 7 letters

Crossword – Help ACROSS 1 – 6 letters 12 – 8 letters 2 – 12 letters 13 – 11 letters 4 – 3 letters 17 – 14 letters 6 – 5 letters 18 – 5 letters 7 – 4 letters 22 – 12 letters 10 – 6 letters 23 – 5 letters 11 - 7 letters 24 – 6 letters