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Chapter 4/Section 4 The Age of Pericles

The Athenian Empire (pgs ) Although the Persians retreated after the Battle of Plataea, they remained a threat. In 478 B.C., Athens joined with other Greek city- states, except Sparta, to form the Delian League. The Delian League promised to defend its members against Persian invasion and help drive the Persians out of the Greek territories in Asia Minor.

Democracy in Athens Athens had a government called a direct democracy. In a direct democracy, people vote firsthand on laws and policies. Direct democracy worked in Athens because of the small number of Athenian citizens. In larger populated countries, the democratic government is a representative democracy. In a representative democracy, people select smaller groups to vote on behalf of the people.

Achievements of Pericles A popular general named Pericles (pehr*uh*kleez) led Athens for more than 30 years, from B.C. Pericles believed that people’s talents were more important than their social standing. He allowed lower-class male citizens to run for public office, and he also paid officeholders.

The Age of Pericles was a time of creativity and learning. Pericles built temples and statues in the city after the destruction of the Persian Wars. He also supported artists, writers, architects, and philosophers. Philosophers are people who ponder questions about life.

Daily Life In Athens (pgs. 142 – 144) In the 400s B.C., Athens was the largest of all Greek city-states with a population of about 285,000 (43,000 men with political rights, 35,000 foreigners, and about 100,000 enslaved people). Slavery was common in the ancient world and most Athenian homes had at least one slave, and wealthy families had many slaves. Without slave labor, Athens couldn’t have supported its bustling economy.

Athenian Economy Athenian farmers grew grain, vegetables, fruit, olives, and grapes. Because there was little farmland, Athens had to import (to buy from another country) grain from other places. Herders raised sheep and goats for wool, milk, and cheese. Athens became the trading center of the Greek world where merchants traded pottery, jewelry, leather goods, and other products.

Roles of Men and Women Athenian men worked in the morning and exercised or attended assembly meetings in the evening. Boys left home at about age 7 to attend school. Athenian women were responsible for caring for their children and households. Girls married early, at age 14 or 15, and could not attend school.

Athenian women had no political rights and could not own property. Athenian women rarely left the house and had to have male relative escort if they did. One woman who had more freedom in Athens was Aspasia (as*pay*zhuh). Aspasia was not a native of Athens, was well-educated, and influenced both Plato and Pericles.

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The Peloponnesian War (pgs ) As Athens became more powerful and influential, other city-states became suspicious of them. Led by Sparta, these city-states joined together against Athens. War broke out in 431 B.C. Historians call this conflict The Peloponnesian War (431 B.C B.C.).

Pericles’s Funeral Oration In the first winter of the war, Athenians had a public funeral to honor those who had died in battle. Pericles made a famous speech called the Funeral Oration. Pericles’s Funeral Oration reminded Athenians about democracy and gave them courage to continue fighting.

Athens is Defeated Sparta and its allies surrounded Athens in the hopes the Athenians would send out an army to fight. Pericles knew that Spartan forces could beat the Athenians in open battle. Pericles urged farmers and others who lived on the outskirts of Athens to move inside the city walls.

The Athenian navy delivered supplies to the city from their colonies and allies. Sparta did not have a navy and therefore could not attack the Athenian ships. In the second year of the war, a deadly disease spread though the over-crowded city of Athens. The Plague of Athens killed more than a third of the people, including Pericles in 429 B.C.

The standoff continued for another 25 years. Desperate to win, the Spartans made a deal with the Persians – money to build navy for Greek territories in Asia Minor. In 405 B.C., Sparta’s navy destroyed the Athenian fleet. Athens surrendered the next year. The Peloponnesian Wars weakened the city-states, many died fighting, farms were destroyed, and thousands of people were left without jobs.

After defeating Athens, Sparta tried to rule all of Greece. Within 30 years, city-states rebelled and a new war began. While fighting amongst themselves, the Greeks failed to notice the growing kingdom of Macedonia to the north. This would eventually cost them their freedom.

Add to your questions 1.Who is the Protagonist in the story? Describe the Protagonist. 2.Who is the Antagonist in the story? Describe the Antagonist. 3.What is the inciting incident in the story? 4. What is the resolution to the conflict in the story? 5. What is the point of view of this story? Explain how you came to your answer? 6. Identify one theme from the story and explain you answer with details. 7. What is the setting of the story?