Lecture 2: Fluxes, Flows and Volumes Readings for today: Applied Hydrology –Section 6.3 on Measurement of Streamflow –Sections 2.1 – 2.3 on Continuity (Water Balance) –Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources pp Reading for Tues: Applied Hydrology –Section 2.7 – 2.8 Energy balance

Watershed system

Sample and Pulse Data

Water Balance

Arc Hydro Time Series Types

Flows in 2004

Spring Flow in 2004

Plum Creek

Drainage Areas

Definitions Flow = Volumetric discharge of water [L 3 /T] Flux = Flow per unit area [L/T] Volume = Integral of flow through time [L 3 ]

ODSS AHED Prototype Project Prototype Area Prototype region includes 24 water management basins, including Lake Kissimmee, Lake Okeechobee, and Lake Istokpoga More than 70 water control structures managed by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) within the prototype area Includes natural and managed waterways Lake Okeechobee Lake Istokpoga Lake Kissimmee

Objectives of the Project Extend the ArcHydro Framework to include the Operations Decision Support System (ODSS) Develop tools that account for rainfall accumulation and provide water balancing capabilities to the Extended ArcHydro Framework Develop an ODSS model that includes water- conveyance routing

Questions that SFWMD wants Answered –How much water is there? –Where is the water in the District? –How much water will enter the canal system? –How can water be routed from one basin to another?

Water Control Network

WCU Links and Nodes Watershed to WCU WCU to WCU WCUNode WCULink

Network Tracing A path between Lake Kissimmee and Lake Okeechobee

WCU Relationships

Geospatial Time Series Object Value Time Shape Time Series Properties (Type) A Value-Time array

Time Series for RainAreas

Rainfall Time Series for Martin – St Lucie

HydroID = Area = ft 2 FeatureID = HydroCode = Martin-St Lucie HydroID to FeatureID association Gives each time series a shape

TSTypeID Association Gives each time series a type

Time Series Object Properties FeatureID HydroID of the feature related to the time series HydroCode HydroCode of the feature related to the time series TSTypeID UnquieID of the TimeSeries Variable Description of the TimeSeries (i.e. Daily Streamflow) Units Measurement units as a string (i.e. cfs, in/d) UnitType Measurement unit type (i.e. flow, area flux, volume, etc.) TSValues() Array of Values TSDateTimes() Array of DateTimes IsRegular Indicates if TimeSeries is measured regularly (boolean) TSOrigin Either Generated or Measured TSDateType Either Instantaneous, Cumulative, Incremental, Averaged, Min, or Max Methods AddToChartSpace Writes the time series to the chartspace WriteToGDB Writes the time series to an Arc Hydro geodatabase GetCumulativeTS Returns a new time series object that with its values cumulated through time GetMinDate Returns the minimum date in the time series GetMaxDate Returns the maximum date in the time series A new time series can be created from a Arc Hydro GDB given a FeatureID and TSTypeID

Cumulative Rainfall

Controlled Vocabulary for Units

Time Series Collection Object Properties Variable Description of the TimeSeries (i.e. Daily Streamflow) Units Measurement units as a string (i.e. cfs, in/d) UnitType Measurement unit type (i.e. flow, area flux, volume, etc.) TSValues() Array of Values TSDateTimes() Array of DateTimes IsRegular Indicates if TimeSeries is measured regularly (boolean) TSOrigin Either Generated or Measured TSDateType Either Instantaneous, Cumulative, Incremental, Averaged, Min, or Max Methods GetTimeSeries Writes the time series to the chartspace AddTimeSeries Writes the time series to an Arc Hydro and whether the TS is either contribution or diminishing the resulting time series A bag of time series objects used to compute a new time series object

Chart Space Toolbar

The Toolbar Plot Time Series Plot Fluxes, Flowrates, etc. Set TimeSeries and TSTypeID table paths Show/Hide ChartSpace window

Plot Time Series Tool 1. Select a layer from those listed in map 2. Select a TSType (filtered for selected layer) 3. Limit time range to plot (optional) Step 1: Select layer and TSType to plot

Plot Time Series Tool Map shows only features in selected Layer that have time series Chart is plotted according to the attributes of the time series (averaged, instanteous, units, etc.) 2. Select feature to plot time series for Step 2: Select feature to plot time series for

Plot Fluxes & Flows Tool Step 2: Select feature to plot variable(s) for 1. Select a layer from those listed in map 2. Select one or more variables to plot

Plot Fluxes & Flows Tool Step 1: Select layer and variable(s) to plot Variables(s) are plotted for selected feature Map shows only features coupled to the feature the mouse is currently over

Cumulating Series Cumulate a time series by right-clicking Streamflow (cfs)Volume (acre ft) Rainfall Flux (in/day)Cumulative Rainfall (in)to

Chart Overview TimeSeries’ VariableFeature’s HydroCode TimeSeries’ UnitType TimeSeries’ Units ChartSpace can contain multiple charts each with a unique value axis

Scaling the Time Axis By right-click on the chart’s time axis, one can aggregate the data to a new time scale. Daily Averaged Weekly Averaged Monthly Averaged

Flux to Flowrate Flux is related to a geometry allowing the transformation of a flux time series to a flowrate time series on the fly Evaporative Flux (mm/day)Flow (cfs) Evaporation Flow in cfs

Water Balancing Break water movement into two components: Horizontal W.B. (canal system) Vertical W.B. (rainfall, evapotranspiration) Horizontal water movement into and out of a WCU is measured at points and is measured as flow [ft3/s] Vertical water movement into and out of a WCU is measured at points, or over areas, and is measured as a flux [in/d]

Water Balancing Q Hin Q Hout q Vin q Vout Control Volume Control Volume for water balancing is a Water Control Unit. q Vin = rain Q Hin = structure flow in q Vout = ETp Q Hout = structure flow out Change in Storage

Volume Storage Over a WCU: C41A-North Horizontal Net Inflow Vertical Net Inflow 1 year: Nov 1, 2002 – 30 Oct 2003 Total Net Inflow