 Cell › Fundamental unit of living organisms › Carry out metabolism › Specialized throughout the body › Cell membrane › Nucleus  Chromosomes  Genes  Cytology (cyt/o = cell)

 Tissues › A group of specialized cells working together › 4 types  Epithelial  Muscle (voluntary, involuntary and cardiac)  Connective  Nerve  Membranes

 Organs › Structures composed of tissues working together  Organ (Body) Systems › Composed of several related organs working together to perform a complex function

Organism (example: human body) Body system (example: digestive) Organ (example: liver) Tissues (example: tissues in liver) Cell (example: cells the make up specific tissues)

 Anatomical Position: Reference point in medical communication › Directional Terms  Anterior or ventral  Posterior or dorsal  Medial  Lateral  Proximal  Distal  Bilateral  Unilateral  Deep  Superficial  Parietal  Visceral

 Body placement positions that make examination, treatment or surgery easier

 Sagital plane: divides the body into two parts lengthwise, right and left  Frontal (or coronal) plane: divides the body into front and back sections from top to bottom  Transverse plane: divides the body into upper (superior or cephalic) and lower (inferior or caudal) portions Imaginary slices through the body at specific points and in specific directions

 Describe actions or movements of body parts.  Almost always paired: Movement and its opposite  Abduction/Adduction  Pronation/Supination  Flexion/Extension

 5: Cranial, Spinal, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

 5 Regions: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx

 Imaging permits visualization of the inside of the body  Used for diagnostic purposes; may also be used to guide procedures or surgery  Written reports in chart › Radiology

 X-Rays › Easy to take; good screening tools › May be dye-enhanced › Shades of black, white, and gray only

 Fluoroscopy › Shows a moving image › Useful in viewing GI tract and other mobile areas and organs  Sonography › Ultrasound imaging – uses sound waves › Can produce a moving image › Often used to see a fetus in utero › Electrocardiography – used to diagnose heart problems

 Computerized Tomography (CT, CAT) › Uses computer-generated images of structures within the body › Body is scanned in layers › May use contact media or radioactive substances to enhance pictures  PET scan − variation

 Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) › Uses a magnetic field › Three-dimensional image seen

 Surgical procedures have advanced greatly  Common terms › Anesthesia › Dressings › Incision › Resection › Tomy vs. ectomy (suffixes) › Biopsy

 Path/o = disease › Pathology  Autopsy  Biopsy › Common terms  Etiology  Infection  Epidemic