The Middle Ages The Changes of the Late Middle Ages Mr. Pagliaro

Key Idea…  In the 1300s, the foundations of Europe were rocked by religious scandal, disease, and warfare

Vocabulary  Terms –Babylonian Captivity –The Great Schism (aka the Western Schism) –bubonic plague –Hundred Years’ War –dauphin –War of the Roses  Names –Avignon –John Wycliffe –Jan Hus –Joan of Arc ( Jean d’Arc ) –House of Tudor

Babylonian Captivity:  Philip IV (France) vs. Boniface VIII (Pope) –Issue: Taxing clergy –Estates-General created –French soldiers arrest Pope  Died shortly after –French cardinals elect a French Pope (Clement V)  Avignon Avignon –Pope = puppet of French King  ie-Attack on Knights Templar Avignon

TWO POPES!?!  Great Schism-1378 to 1417 –Rome (Urban VI) vs. Avignon (Clement VII) –People upset with Church issues  John Wycliffe-Translated Bible into English –Promoted separation of Church and state –Promoted church poverty, simple clergy  Jan Hus (John Huss)-Renounced BOTH popes –Excommunicated, burned at stake  Council of Constance (1414) –Re-established Papacy in Rome

The Black Death  The following is the creation of Susan Pojer, a teacher in Chappaqua, NY

Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Human is infected!

The Culprits

The Symptoms Bulbous (Buboes) Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.

1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople!

From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411

Lancing a Buboe

Medieval Art & the Plague

Bring out your dead!

Medieval Art & the Plague An obsession with death.

Boccaccio in The Decameron The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors.

The Danse Macabre

Attempts to Stop the Plague A Doctor’s Robe “Leeching”

Attempts to Stop the Plague Flagellants: Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!

Attempts to Stop the Plague Pograms against the Jews “Jew” hat “Golden Circle” obligatory badge

Death Triumphant !: A Major Artistic Theme

A Little Macabre Ditty “A sickly season,” the merchant said, “The town I left was filled with dead, and everywhere these queer red flies crawled upon the corpses’ eyes, eating them away.” “Fair make you sick,” the merchant said, “They crawled upon the wine and bread. Pale priests with oil and books, bulging eyes and crazy looks, dropping like the flies.”

A Little Macabre Ditty (2) “I had to laugh,” the merchant said, “The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled; “And proved through solemn disputation “The cause lay in some constellation. “Then they began to die.” “First they sneezed,” the merchant said, “And then they turned the brightest red, Begged for water, then fell back. With bulging eyes and face turned black, they waited for the flies.”

A Little Macabre Ditty (3) “I came away,” the merchant said, “You can’t do business with the dead. “So I’ve come here to ply my trade. “You’ll find this to be a fine brocade (cloth)…” And then he sneezed……….!

The Mortality Rate 35% - 70% 25,000,000 dead !!!

What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Black Death??

Effects of Plague  Trade declined. Prices rose.  People demanded higher pay.  Peasant riots in Western Europe.  Attacks on Jews.  Church prestige lost. –Priests abandoned duties.

The Hundred Years War ( )  Causes: –Death of Philip IV of France and sons by 1328  Possible end of Capetian Dynasty –French claimant: Philip of Valois –English claimant: King Edward III, grandson of Philip IV –English held lands in France –Flanders  Wool industry  Use English wool

English Success  Mostly raids, not long battles –Crecy (1346)  Foot soldiers defeat knights –Longbow –Poitiers (1356)  Gap due to Plague  Capture French king –Caused French peasant revolts

Issues for England  1399: King Richard abdicated throne –Unpopular tyrant (taxes)  Henry, duke of Lancaster, became King Henry IV –Did not resume war

Final Phases  Battle of Agincourt (1415)-English Victory –Treaty (1420)-Henry V of England gained French crown upon death of Charles VI  Both died in 1422!  Joan of Arc (Jean d’Arc)-supported claims of Charles VII (F) –Rallied French troops at Siege of Orleans (1429)  Charles crowned –Captured in 1430, tried as a witch, burned at stake

Joan of Arc ( )  Inspiration for French resurgence

Impact of Hundred Years’ War  French expelled English from kingdom 1453  Change in European warfare  English Turmoil over defeat –War of the Roses ( )  Henry Tudor, House of Lancaster def. the House of York

Why it matters now…  Age of Faith ended –Schism, scandal, the role of the Church in the plague, and excessive wealth turned people off  Age of Chivalry/Fedualism ended –No use for knights/castles with introduction of guns –Deaths of nobles in Plague, Hundred Years’ War and War of the Roses further weakened feudalism

Unit Summary  The High Middle Ages saw changes in society in terms of… –A Middle Class –Changes from a Christian continent to individual kingdoms