PeriodsPeriods Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages:

Europe in the 6c

The Medieval Catholic Church  filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.  monasticism:  St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.  provided schools for the children of the upper class.  inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.  libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.  monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval Church  bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.  the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.  tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat.  curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition  tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.  Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

A Medieval Monk’s Day

A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

Illuminated Manuscripts

Romanesque Architectural Style e Rounded Arches. e Barrel vaults. e Thick walls. e Darker, simplistic interiors. e Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

The Carolingian Renaissance

Carolingian Miniscule

The Rise of European Monarchies: England

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

FeudalismFeudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

Parts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

The Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

Norman Conquest Doomsday BookDoomsday Book Creates Shire Reeves= SheriffsCreates Shire Reeves= Sheriffs Gave Land to the Catholic ChurchGave Land to the Catholic Church Created the Great CouncilCreated the Great Council

Evolution of England’s Political System  Henry I:  William’s son.  set up a court system.  Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.  Henry II:  established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.  grand jury.  trial by jury.  Had Thomas Becket Murdered

King Richard The Lion Heart King Richard The Lion Heart Took Throne after Henry II diedTook Throne after Henry II died Spent much time and money fighting in the crusadesSpent much time and money fighting in the crusades His brother Prince John assumed control in Richard’s absence.His brother Prince John assumed control in Richard’s absence. Richard does return to England but is not able to manage the country wellRichard does return to England but is not able to manage the country well John will take over upon Richard’s deathJohn will take over upon Richard’s death Was the story of Robin Hood real?Was the story of Robin Hood real?

Magna Carta, 1215  King John I   Runnymeade  “Great Charter”  monarchs were not above the law.  kings had to consult a council of advisors.  kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British Parliament  Great Council:  middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.  eventually called Parliament.  by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords  nobles & clergy. o House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European Monarchies: France

Capetian Dynasty 843- Carolingian Dynasty was divided into 3 parts843- Carolingian Dynasty was divided into 3 parts In the west rose Hugh CapetIn the west rose Hugh Capet –Kings did not have much power Philip II AugustusPhilip II Augustus –Turning point: extended French monarchy –Captured Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Setting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and West

High Middle Ages Church Pope Gregory VII- elected in 1073Pope Gregory VII- elected in 1073 Extended authority over Christian WorldExtended authority over Christian World –Appointed its own clergy to power and ran its own affairs Succeed by Pope Innocent IIISucceed by Pope Innocent III –Height of Church power- 1200s

Rise of Orders Cistercians: strict; simple diet; no decorations, spiritual ideaCistercians: strict; simple diet; no decorations, spiritual idea Dominicans: defend church teachings from heresyDominicans: defend church teachings from heresy Franciscans: live among the people providing aid to the poorFranciscans: live among the people providing aid to the poor –St. Francis of Assisi Born wealthy, devoted life to poverty, humility, and devotion to JesusBorn wealthy, devoted life to poverty, humility, and devotion to Jesus Opposed the use of RelicsOpposed the use of Relics

Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

Medieval Trade

Late Medieval Town Dwellings

Rise of Universities 1 st European university began in Bologna- early 1300’s1 st European university began in Bologna- early 1300’s The University of ParisThe University of Paris OxfordOxford 80 universities by universities by 1500 St. Thomas Aquinas- wrote the Summa TheologicaSt. Thomas Aquinas- wrote the Summa Theologica

Medieval Guilds Guild Hall   Commercial Monopoly:  C ontrolled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman  Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].  Controlled prices

Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

100 Year’s War France vs. EnglandFrance vs. England –French land controlled by England –National identity issues –Issues of succession The War was a series of short raids and expeditions punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties.The War was a series of short raids and expeditions punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties.

French Advantages Population of about 16,000,000.Population of about 16,000,000. Far richer and more populous than England.Far richer and more populous than England. At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000  at most, Britain mustered only 32,000.At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000  at most, Britain mustered only 32,000.

British Advantages Weapons Technologies.Weapons Technologies. In almost every engagement, the English were outnumbered.In almost every engagement, the English were outnumbered. –Britain’s most successful strategies: / Avoid pitched battles. / Engage in quick, profitable raids –Steal what you can. –Destroy everything else. –Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom.

The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow.The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow. Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow.Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow. –Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards! A longbow could be fired more rapidly.A longbow could be fired more rapidly. –6 arrows per minute. The Longbow as a Weapon

King Henry V (r ) Renewed his family’s claim to the French throne.Renewed his family’s claim to the French throne. At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry himself, goaded a larger French army into attacking a fortified English position.At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry himself, goaded a larger French army into attacking a fortified English position. –With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of northern France!

The French “Reconquest” The two kings’ deaths ushered in the final stage of the 100 Years’ War [ ].The two kings’ deaths ushered in the final stage of the 100 Years’ War [ ]. –Even though in 1428 the military and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed the situation. In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans.In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans. –This began the reconquest of the north of France.

Joan of Arc ( ) The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English.The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English. Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation.Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation. –Her “voices” told her to go to the king and assist him in driving out the English. She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader!She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader!

Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to the King

Joan of Arc ( ) She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence.She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence. With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending the “disinheritance”].With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending the “disinheritance”]. She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands.She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands. –Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in –She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.

The End of the War Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued.Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued. By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers except Calais.By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers except Calais. In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held fortress.In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held fortress. –This was the last battle of the war. There was not treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.There was not treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.

France Becomes Unified! France in 1337 France in 1453