ENERGIZER A crucial part of Christaller’s central place theory is the fact that goods and services vary in range and a) access. b) quantity. c) spatial distribution. d) threshold. e) quality.

ENERGIZER A crucial part of Christaller’s central place theory is the fact that goods and services vary in range and a) access. b) quantity. c) spatial distribution. d) threshold. e) quality.

ENERGIZER The movement of middle-class residents into run- down urban center city neighborhoods is called a) urban renewal. b) urban sprawl. c) urban revitalization. d) gentrification. e) multiplier effect.

ENERGIZER The movement of middle-class residents into run- down urban center city neighborhoods is called a) urban renewal. b) urban sprawl. c) urban revitalization. d) gentrification. e) multiplier effect.

ENERGIZER Which one of the following characteristics does NOT apply to cities in the developing world? a) Rapid population growth b) An inability to provide basic services for population c) A colonial heritage d) A small informal economic sector e) A land-use pattern strongly influenced by function of the city

ENERGIZER Which one of the following characteristics does NOT apply to cities in the developing world? a) Rapid population growth b) An inability to provide basic services for population c) A colonial heritage d) A small informal economic sector e) A land-use pattern strongly influenced by function of the city

Wednesday, May 13 Objectives : Review in partners Study big concepts as a class Individually review old tests Homework : Review hardest topics

Vocabulary Review ① Grand Review Packet (Unit VII)  answer key on white board ② Memory with Flashcards (computer cart)  state the definition = win the card  read the entire back of the card ③ AP Exam Study Guides (front table)  find cities section ④ Class Website 

Summary of Unit  Over 50% of the world’s population lives in cities  Major urban populations today  US, Europe, Russia, Australia, Japan  Largest cities are in LDCs

Origin and Evolution of Cities  3500 BC Mesopotamia (Iraq)  3100 BC Egypt  2500 BC Indus River Valley (Pakistan)  1800 BC Northern China  1500 BC Meso-America (Mexico) Urbanization spread in an uneven fashion, usually as a result of long-distance trade.

Urbanization  Rural-to-Urban Migration  Movement from countryside to city in search of economic opportunities and a better life  Began with the Industrial Revolution

Rapid Urbanization in LDCs  LDCs face the following problems:  Increased levels of pollution and traffic congestion  Shortages of clean drinking water  Insufficient sanitation services  Lack of sufficient electrical power  Lack of enough job opportunities  Strained education and healthcare facilities  Housing shortages  Increased problems with drugs, gangs, and violence

Global Cities & Megacities  World City  global economic system  Megacity  over 10 million people  LDCs  High density, poverty  Limited resources World City Rankings 1.NYC 2.London 3.Tokyo 4.Paris 5.Hong Kong 6.Chicago 7.LA 8.Singapore 9.Sydney 10.Seoul

Megacities in LDCs  Megacities are indicators of social and economic change in their country and region.  For example, Karachi generates 20% of Pakistan’s GDP and provides 50% of the government’s revenue  Often, these cities are the site of cultural and educational institutions that promote social development, too.

Suburbanization  End of World War II  Availability of automobile  40-hour work week  Housing boom  Home loans and affordable mortgages  1970s-1990s  Purchasing power shifted to suburbs  Edge cities  Urban sprawl

Primate City and Rank-Size Rule  Primate City  At least 2x as large as next city  Significant / dominant  Mexico City, Paris, London  Former colonial capital cities  Rank-Size Rule  Decrease largely at first, and then slowly  US and Russia

Central Place Theory  Christaller’s CPT  Central places provide goods/services to surrounding areas  Assumptions:  flat countryside with no barriers to movement  purchase goods from closest proximity  travel further for luxury goods  Threshold: minimum # of people  Range: how far consumers will travel  Gravity Model  law of spatial interaction based on Newton’s law  Places closer together have a greater attraction

Models of Urban Land Use UNITED STATES  CBD  older, central city  Skyscrapers, banks, crowded streets  Concentric Zone Model – Burgess  as the city grows, expands in rings  Bid Rent Curve  land rent is highest closest to CBD  Sector Model – Hoyt  develops along transportation lines  Multiple Nuclei Model – Harris & Ullman  CBD is not the only nucleus

Location of Multiple Nuclei  Differential Accessibility  Wholesale requires terminals  Retail requires parking  Land Use Compatibility  Agglomeration (banking, finance)  Land Use Incompatibility  Heavy industry repels high-end residential  Location Suitability  Cost factors

Models of Urban Land Use OTHER WORLD REGIONS  Canadian Cities  More compact than US cities  Public transportation  Less suburbanization  Higher incomes than US cities  Western European Cities  Roman/Renaissance architecture, planning  Compact, less sprawl  Public transportation  Mixed zones  Old, historic core – affluent/wealthy  Immigrants live in fringes of cities

Models of Urban Land Use OTHER WORLD REGIONS  Eastern European Cities  Centrally planned communist era  Large square with gov’t / cultural buildings  Compact, high density  Mass transit  Residential areas have own services and central square  Latin American Cities  Central city important  periphery poor  Spine of residential area and shops

Models of Urban Land Use OTHER WORLD REGIONS  Sub-Saharan Africa  Most rapidly urbanizing region of the world  Inability to provide basic amenities  Clean drinking water, sanitation, disease  High IMR, low life expectancy  North Africa and Middle East  Structural deterioration  Overcrowding, urban sprawl  Sanitation, amenities  High birth rates, high immigrant rates, high unemployment rates

Models of Urban Land Use OTHER WORLD REGIONS  Asian Cities  Wave of economic prosperity  20 megacities by 2020  Mega-urban-regions link huge cities together  Government buildings locate near ports

Cities in the Developing World  Large informal economic sector  no formal contract, no taxes  Rural migrants  Produce major proportion of country’s GDP  Surrounded by high-density squatter settlements with few amenities

Cities in the Developing World  Colonial impact  Centrally planned land-use patterns  Asian cities  Forward capitals  Single, major business district  Purpose of the city = land-use patterns  Ports, industrial, mining center, markets

The Urban Economy  Basic Sector  produce goods outside the urban area  Non-basic Sector  Produce goods within urban area  Multiplier Effect  1 new basic job = 2 non-basic jobs  Require more services Total Employment Basic Employment Base Multiplier =

Urban Housing  Segregation  Housing density decreases out from CBD  Urban sprawl  Urban renewal  Public housing  Gentrification  New Urbanism, Green Building

Weekly Plan Monday Models & Theories Tuesday Agricultural Land Use Wednesday Services & Cities Thursday Test Strategy Friday AP Exam