Causes of the Age of Exploration Crusades = interest in distant lands travelers = fantastic stories Renaissance = means of exploring

gems, silk, porcelain, spices Desired items luxury goods from India, China, and the Spice Islands gems, silk, porcelain, spices

Trade route problems rugged, difficult terrain fees for passage Italian monopoly Ottoman Turk raids

Exploration Reasons Search for new trade routes avoid the Turks away from Italian merchants without extra tolls and taxes

Exploration Reasons Search for new trade routes Quest for gold rumors of gold in Africa hope of other gold deposits

Exploration Reasons Search for new trade routes Quest for gold Desire for adventure and glory encouraged by Renaissance ideals took great risks for human praise

Exploration Reasons Search for new trade routes Quest for gold Desire for adventure and glory Religious concerns Muslim threat search for wealthy ally gain new converts

Exploration Reasons National Competition rival Italian monopoly increase national power and wealth encourage trade and colonization

Maps accurate for the Mediterranean and European coasts updated after successful trips spread by printing press

Instruments compass = aided navigation and mapmaking latitudinal instruments = determine location at sea astrolabe, quadrant, cross-staff

Ships seagoing vessels = sail open seas and carry large cargoes caravel

Iberian success shipping = principal industry Italian dominance in Mediterranean superior navigational and mapmaking skills motivated by a crusading spirit

Portugal’s exploration Prince Henry, the Navigator never led an expedition established a school of navigation instruments, maps, caravel

Portugal’s exploration Bartholomeu Dias rounded the tip of Africa named the Cape of Good Hope

Portugal’s exploration Vasco da Gama water route from Portugal to India opened India to European trade

Spain’s exploration Christopher Columbus sought western route to Japan and China discovered the Caribbean made three more voyages

Naming of America Amerigo Vespucci = reached and explored South America Martin Waldseemöller = coined the name America

Line of Demarcation officially = Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Atlantic Ocean north to south Treaty of Saragossa extended line around the globe

Line’s Importance Portugal colonized Africa and East Indies Spain claimed almost all of New World forced Spain to seek western route to Asia

Spain’s exploration Ferdinand Magellan first to circumnavigate the world did not live to complete his goal

Results one body of water covered the earth verified the world was round confirmed Columbus’ discoveries not close to Asia

North American Indians Northeastern = formed a confederation Southeastern = “mound builders” Plains = followed buffalo herds Southwestern = “cliff dwellers” West Coast = small, scattered tribes

Maya noted for artistic and intellectual achievements comparable to ancient civilizations

Aztec centered on Tenochtitlán vicious fighters, but poor rulers

Inca great empire in Peru built highly sophisticated cities

conquistadors Spanish conquerors

Conquistador Commissions search for riches evangelize the Indians establish Spanish authority

Vasco Núñez de Balboa in search of adventure established a colony at Panama first European to see the Pacific Ocean

Hernando Cortés “greatest of the conquistadors” believed to be a returning deity defeated the Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro cruelest conquistador in search of gold defeated the Incas

Requerimento document informing the Indians of Spain’s possession

Requerimento statement God gave the Pope authority on the earth. Pope gave Spain authority over the New World. Indians could become Catholics and Spanish subjects.

Bartolomé de las Casas Roman Catholic friar worked to end abuse of the natives helped institute the “New Laws” denounced forced conversions

Hernando de Soto served with Pizarro explored southeastern United States discovered the Mississippi River

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado searched for the “Seven Cities of Cibola” explored southwestern United States

French explorers Jacques Cartier three voyages seeking a Northwest Passage explored eastern coast of Canada

French explorers Samuel de Champlain “Father of New France” colonized Saint Lawrence River area

French explorers Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet Jesuit missionaries explored Mississippi River

French explorers Sieur de La Salle traveled to the mouth of the Mississippi River claimed entire river valley for France

Dutch explorers Henry Hudson hired English explorer searched for a shorter route to the Orient

English explorers John Cabot hired Italian explorer led first English exploration to the New World

English explorers John Smith leader of first permanent English settlement built a village as exploration base

Portugal and the East India trading posts under Pedro Cabral naval power gave the advantage

Portugal and the East Asia Affonso de Albuquerque = viceroy of Asia built a vast commercial empire

Portuguese Shortcomings too vast for the small nation lost many men at sea cruelty of the traders

Holland and the East the Pacific wanted direct trade route expelled the Portuguese in several places Cape Town = South Africa supply base

England and the East East Indies traded alongside the Dutch India seized control of the Persian Gulf established the English East India Company

Eastern Response resented foreign interference China several battles between Chinese and Portuguese allowed city of Macao to be “rented”

Eastern Response Japan more friendly relations with Portuguese limited trade with Dutch

nations acquiring wealth mercantilism nations acquiring wealth

individuals acquiring wealth capitalism individuals acquiring wealth

Commercial Revolution mercantilism dominate economic system theory that newly-found wealth should benefit the mother country

Mercantilism nation’s wealth and strength = measured by possession of gold and silver goal = gain as much precious metal as possible

Mercantilism colonies = for self-sufficient mother country and favorable balance of trade

Mercantilist view of colonies provide raw materials and ports for goods trade only with mother country colony suffered; mother country benefited

Mercantilism weaknesses created national monopolies that deterred competition detrimental to nation’s agriculture and industry hoarded wealth for the government

Commercial Revolution capitalism way of earning money by investment goal was to advance wealth

individuals sharing expenses, gains, and losses companies individuals sharing expenses, gains, and losses

Joint-stock companies individuals invest money capital used to finance an endeavor if a profit = then each investor gains investor = personally liable; shares losses and gains

Joint-stock companies English-East India Company = traded in India Dutch East India Company = traded in the East Indies French Company of New France = traded in Canada

details of a proposed business venture prospectus details of a proposed business venture

underwriters signers who agree to accept costs, gains, and losses of a business venture