Chem. Eng. Thermodynamics (TKK-2137) 14/15 Semester 3 Instructor: Rama Oktavian Office Hr.: M.13-15, Tu , W , Th , F

Outlines 1. Thermodynamic terms review 2. Thermodynamic properties 3. 1 st law thermodynamics review

Thermodynamic terms What is thermodynamic? the study of the transformations of energy enables us to discuss all matters quantitatively and to make useful predictions e.g: The release of energy can be used to provide heat when a fuel burns in a furnace, to produce mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine, and to generate electrical work when a chemical reaction pumps electrons through a circuit

Thermodynamic terms What is thermodynamic?  Thermodynamics is the science of energy. A sound understanding of thermodynamics will allow you to determine how energy is controlled and converted in devices.  Thermodynamics is at the heart of every aspect of – design of an engine. – design of respirator. – And many more devices “Engineering Thermodynamics”, J.B. Jones, R.E. Dugan (Prentice Hall, 1996) // p.1

Thermodynamic terms A thermodynamic system is that part of the physical universe the properties of which are under investigation A system is isolated when the boundary prevents any interaction with the surroundings A system is called open when mass passes across the boundary, closed when no mass passes the boundary

Thermodynamic terms Properties of a System - physical attributes that are perceived by the senses, or are made perceptible by certain experimental methods of investigation 1. non-measurable, as the kinds of substances composing a system and the states of aggregation of its parts 2. measurable, as pressure and volume, to which a numerical value can be assigned by a direct or indirect comparison with a standard

Thermodynamic terms State of a System. A system is in a definite state when each of its properties has a definite value. Change in State, Path, Cycle, Process. Let a system undergo a change in its state from a specified initial to a specified final state The change in state is completely defined when the initial and the final states are specified The path of the change in state is defined by giving the initial state, the sequence of intermediate states arranged in the order traversed by the system, and the final state

Thermodynamic Systems  State of a system – Determined by the state of matters constituting the system. – Gas / liquid / solid state or the coexistence of more than one phases. – Single component / multi-components. – Equilibrium / nonequilibrium.  Process – A system changes its state from one to another state. – Initial state / path / final state. – Reversible / irreversible processes. e.g., density, T, P, etc.

Thermodynamic Systems  The state of a system: – Determined by properties of matters within a system, e.g., T, P, composition, density, etc.  Some properties are interrelated, e.g., T, P, mass, and V.  The equation that correlates T, P, M, V is called the equation of state (EOS).  The ideal gas law (an EOS) was identified while studying low-density gases.  An universal temperature scale, the absolute temperature scale, was defined. – Can be specified by specifying two independent properties and masses of matters of the system – related to degree of freedom

Thermodynamic terms A process is the method of operation by means of which a change in state is effected State Variable,.... A state variable is one that has a definite value when the state of a system is specified.... Path Variable,… Variable that do depend on path

Thermodynamic properties  Properties of matters: – Intensive / Extensive properties, mass- dependent or not.  Intensive properties: T, P, density, molar volume, refractive index, etc.  Extensive properties: mass, volume, etc.  Properties whose quantity is proportional to the amount (mass) of matter are called extrinsic properties, e.g., volume, gravity force, energy, etc.  Properties whose quantity is independent of the amount (mass) of matter are called intrinsic properties, e.g., density, T, P, color, etc

1 st law thermodynamics Thermodynamics was then developed to study energy… The first law deals with energy interchanges. How efficiently can energy be converted from one form to another? Carnot answered this question, leading to the second law of thermodynamics … When the first and the second laws are combined they lead to relations that tell how much work is available in a given situation, a concept called availability, or exergy.

1 st law thermodynamics  Properties of matters: – Energy content of matters: – Other properties having the same unit as energy  Enthalpy, Free energy, etc. Kinetic Energy Internal Energy Potential Energy NOTE: Heat and Work are energies exchanged between a system and its surrounding, not properties associated with matters. Total Energy of matters

Process simulation Thermodynamic Property Activity coefficient (Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC, UNIFAC) EoS: virial, vdW, RK, SRK, PR, Gen. Corrr.) T P Measurements Published data 30% effort untuk physical properties (Chen and Mathias, AIChE, 48 (2002) ) Q, W, Equilibrium conditions Physical & Chemical Processes DIPPR, DECHEMA, Journal2 Thermodynamics: Is it important??