States of Consciousness Part 2

Hypnosis* Hypnosis: involves a state of awareness characterized by deep relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and focused attention. Hypnosis: involves a state of awareness characterized by deep relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and focused attention. Hypnotist suggests changes in sensations, thoughts, behavior, and perceptions. Hypnotist suggests changes in sensations, thoughts, behavior, and perceptions.

Hypnosis Theories State Theory (Unsupported by Research)*: The State Theory argues hypnosis reflects an altered state of consciousness where participants enter a trance-like level of consciousness whereby the hypnotist has control of the participant’s “subconscious.” Some argue against this idea because the brainwaves of people under hypnosis don’t change.

Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Have an Effect After The Session? Posthypnotic Amnesia: supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion. “You will no longer remember anything you experienced today.” Posthypnotic Amnesia: supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion. “You will no longer remember anything you experienced today.” Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.” Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.”

Facts About Hypnosis Unhypnotized people can do and will do the same things as hypnotized people. Ex: throw acid in face. Unhypnotized people can do and will do the same things as hypnotized people. Ex: throw acid in face. Those who are imaginative and fantasy prone are best hypnosis patients. Those who are imaginative and fantasy prone are best hypnosis patients. No one can be hypnotized if they do not want to be. No one can be hypnotized if they do not want to be.

Altered Consciousness and Drugs Psychoactive Drug: Any chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. Impairs brain mechanisms that help us make good decisions. Psychoactive Drug: Any chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. Impairs brain mechanisms that help us make good decisions. Three Basic Categories: Three Basic Categories: Depressants: “Downers” calm neural activity and slow body functions. Includes opiates and barbiturates. Depressants: “Downers” calm neural activity and slow body functions. Includes opiates and barbiturates. Stimulants: “Uppers” excite neural activity Stimulants: “Uppers” excite neural activity Hallucinogens: distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Hallucinogens: distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Why Do Drugs Get People “High?” No matter what type of drug from alcohol to cocaine, drugs work at the neurological level and at the brain’s synapses. No matter what type of drug from alcohol to cocaine, drugs work at the neurological level and at the brain’s synapses. Some drugs stimulate the release of certain neurotransmitters. Some drugs stimulate the release of certain neurotransmitters. Others mimic the activity of neurotransmitters (agonists) Others mimic the activity of neurotransmitters (agonists) Others inhibit the release of neurotransmitters (antagonists) Others inhibit the release of neurotransmitters (antagonists)

Drugs and Impact on Your Body The most addictive drugs like heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines stimulate the reward centers in your brain making you feel a sense of euphoria. The most addictive drugs like heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines stimulate the reward centers in your brain making you feel a sense of euphoria.

Depressants Alcohol: suppresses parts of the brain that control judgment, inhibitions, and can seriously alter physical functioning in high doses (balance, memory, consciousness, death). Alcohol: suppresses parts of the brain that control judgment, inhibitions, and can seriously alter physical functioning in high doses (balance, memory, consciousness, death). Urges you feel when sober, you are more likely to act upon when drunk. Urges you feel when sober, you are more likely to act upon when drunk. Alcohol will increase any tendency you have whether it is harmful or helpful. Alcohol will increase any tendency you have whether it is harmful or helpful. It always acts a depressant, even if you only have one drink. It always acts a depressant, even if you only have one drink.

Depressants Opiates: opium and its derivatives from poppy plant, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. Opiates: opium and its derivatives from poppy plant, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. Ex: morphine, heroin, opium. Ex: morphine, heroin, opium.

Heroin Derived from Morphine in 1800s by Bayer Company

Stimulants Wide variety of substances fall under the category of stimulants including: Wide variety of substances fall under the category of stimulants including: Caffeine Caffeine Nicotine Nicotine Amphetamines (“speed”) and methamphetamines (“crystal meth”) Amphetamines (“speed”) and methamphetamines (“crystal meth”) Cocaine Cocaine MDMA (Ecstasy) MDMA (Ecstasy)

Stimulants Speed up heart rate and breathing rates, often use to keep awake, lose weight, or to boost mood. Speed up heart rate and breathing rates, often use to keep awake, lose weight, or to boost mood. All stimulants can become highly addictive and often come with a “crash” when high is over with. All stimulants can become highly addictive and often come with a “crash” when high is over with.

Stimulants Cocaine: powerful stimulant usually snorted or smoked that induces 15 to 30 minute “rush.” Crack produces even quicker and more intense high but lasts shorter period of time. Cocaine: powerful stimulant usually snorted or smoked that induces 15 to 30 minute “rush.” Crack produces even quicker and more intense high but lasts shorter period of time. Drug depletes the brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine often causing depression. Also increases paranoia and increases risk of heart problems. Drug depletes the brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine often causing depression. Also increases paranoia and increases risk of heart problems. May increase aggressive behaviors and causes extreme addiction. May increase aggressive behaviors and causes extreme addiction.

Stimulants Methamphetamine: (crystal meth, ice, speed). Causes large increases in alertness and may cause increase in energy and produce a euphoria. Methamphetamine: (crystal meth, ice, speed). Causes large increases in alertness and may cause increase in energy and produce a euphoria. Often leads to extreme addiction, insomnia, nervousness, or even seizures. Often leads to extreme addiction, insomnia, nervousness, or even seizures.

Hallucinogens Also Called Psychedelics Drugs create hallucinations, altered perceptions, and blur line between self and external world. Drugs create hallucinations, altered perceptions, and blur line between self and external world. Most well known hallucinogen is LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamine): probably most powerful hallucinogen. Most well known hallucinogen is LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamine): probably most powerful hallucinogen. Other examples include: marijuana, peyote, angel dust, mescaline, and “magic mushrooms.” Other examples include: marijuana, peyote, angel dust, mescaline, and “magic mushrooms.”

Hallucinogens Marijuana: consists of flowers and leaves from the hemp plant and when smoked or ingested acts as a mild hallucinogen. Marijuana: consists of flowers and leaves from the hemp plant and when smoked or ingested acts as a mild hallucinogen. Relaxes, disinhibits, and impairs motor functions of individuals while at the same time amplifying sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. Relaxes, disinhibits, and impairs motor functions of individuals while at the same time amplifying sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. Main active ingredient=THC Main active ingredient=THC

Hallucinogens In recent years, Marijuana has also been promoted for medical use. In recent years, Marijuana has also been promoted for medical use. Advocates say that marijuana serves as relief for people suffering from intense pain, nausea, or that have trouble eating. Advocates say that marijuana serves as relief for people suffering from intense pain, nausea, or that have trouble eating. Although the medical community is split on issue, most recognize the toxicity of the smoke is a definite drawback to using the drug medically. Although the medical community is split on issue, most recognize the toxicity of the smoke is a definite drawback to using the drug medically. Marijuana also disrupts memory formation and may cause sexual dysfunctions. Marijuana also disrupts memory formation and may cause sexual dysfunctions.

General Concepts and Drugs Physical vs. Psychological Dependence Physical vs. Psychological Dependence Tolerance: diminishing effect of drug with the same dose, requires user to take more to get same high. Tolerance: diminishing effect of drug with the same dose, requires user to take more to get same high. Withdrawal: discomfort and distress associated with quitting the use of an addictive drug. Withdrawal: discomfort and distress associated with quitting the use of an addictive drug.

Drug Treatment The treatment for drug abuse typically involves the removal of the poisonous substance from the body. This is called The treatment for drug abuse typically involves the removal of the poisonous substance from the body. This is calleddetoxification.

Influences on Drug Use Also evidence that there may be biological influences in drug use. Couple examples: Also evidence that there may be biological influences in drug use. Couple examples: Identical twin with alcoholism other twin has increased risk. Identical twin with alcoholism other twin has increased risk. Molecular geneticists have found gene that is more common in people with alcoholism. Molecular geneticists have found gene that is more common in people with alcoholism.

Influences on Drug Use Peer factor is perhaps most powerful. Peer factor is perhaps most powerful. Family strength, religiousness, morality are near as big as predictors as whether or not peers use drugs. If your friends do drugs, odds are high that you may do them too. Family strength, religiousness, morality are near as big as predictors as whether or not peers use drugs. If your friends do drugs, odds are high that you may do them too. Why many addicts have to change their social networks in order to remain drug free. Why many addicts have to change their social networks in order to remain drug free.

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