UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICĂ DIN CLUJ NAPOCA CURS 8 Diagrama Fe-Fe 3 C Fonte. Clasificare.

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Presentation transcript:

UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICĂ DIN CLUJ NAPOCA CURS 8 Diagrama Fe-Fe 3 C Fonte. Clasificare.

Clasificarea fontelor Fonte cenusii Fonte albe continutul de carbon in exces este sub forma de cementita foarte dure si fragile – utilizare limitata dupa sistemul Fe-Fe 3 C carbonul se separa sub forma de cementita Prin maleabilizare  fonta maleabila perlito-cementitica perlitica perlito-feritica ( descomp. partiala ) feritica ( grafitizare totala ) In functie de masa metalica de baza: Grafitul se obtine nu direct din topitura (Fe-C) ci in urma descompunerii cementitei: Fe 3 C->3Fe+C grafit Proprietatile fontelor cenusii depind de: forma-marimea incluziunilor de grafit propr. masei metalice de baza

Fonta cenuşie cu grafit lamelar Obţinerea fontei cenuşii este favorizată de concentraţia ridicată de C şi Si, în condiţiile unei răciri lente. Deasemenea, prezenţa unor elemente de aliere poate influenţa structura fontelor cenuşii. Un conţinut ridicat de Ni, stabilizează faza , structura finală a fontei putând fi o matrice metalică austenitică cu lamele de grafit. Fonte de turnătorie: sunt aliaje Fe – C conţinând peste 2% C, destinate pieselor turnate în a căror structură apare grafitul. Cantitatea de grafit este determinată prin raportul Si (grafitizant) / Mn (antigrafitizant) Si (+ continut mare de carbon) – favorizează structurile de tip ferită + grafit Mn – favorizează formarea cementitei (inclusiv din perlită) în dauna grafitului

Fonta cenusie cu grafit lamelar Lamelele de grafit din structura fontelor cenuşii: au o densitate redusă, ceea ce determină un fenomen de expansiune volumică la solidificare (proiectarea formelor la turnare), ceea ce determină o calitate superioară a suprafeţelor pieselor turnate. îmbunătăţeşte caracteristicile de prelucrarabilitate a pieselor turnate din fontă cenuşie, acţionează ca şi lubrifiant în procesele de prelucrare prin aşchiere, acţionează ca şi concentratori de tensiune, ceea ce determină o tenacitate redusă în aplicaţiile unde această proprietate este esenţială, lamelele de grafit sunt interconectate, ceea ce permite propagarea fisurilor uşor în direcţia lamelelor de grafit Blocuri motor Batiuri masini unelte Carcase, etc.

Fonta cenusie cu grafit lamelar Masa de baza perlitica - proba atacata

Fonta alba A1A1 Timp (ore) Temperatura (ºC) Fonta maleabila alba (masa perlitica) Fonta maleabila neagra (masa feritica) 1000 (ºC) 950 (ºC) Maleabilizarea fontelor Se aplica fontelor albe in stare solida Fonte de turnătorie: sunt aliaje Fe – C conţinând peste 2% C, destinate pieselor turnate, în a căror structură apare grafitul. Cementita din fonta albă se descompune în ferită+grafit Forma convenabilă a grafitului (grafit în cuiburi) spre deosebire de fontele cenusii (grafit lamelar) Durata lunga: h

Fonta maleabila perlitica cu grafit in cuiburi

Modificarea fontelor Se aplica fontelor cenusii in stare lichida Prin inocularea unor modificatori (Ca, Ba, Mg, Ce, Al) in fonta cenusie aflata in stare lichida Fonte modificate Grafit lamelar Grafit vermicular Grafit nodular

Fonta modificata (Mg) cu grafit nodular Modificare dubla: modificare cu Mg (influenteaza negativ cresterea grafitului)+postmodificare cu rol grafitizant (Ba, Bi sau Ca)

By adding an appropriate amount of vanadium to cast iron, the iron obtained excellent high temperature strength and thermal fatigue life characteristics. Replacing niresist cast iron, vanadium-added heat-resistant cast iron reduced the costs of the exhaust manifold. This iron has durability at least 1.8 times better than exhaust manifolds that use conventional cast iron. It replaced expensive niresist cast iron, reducing manufacturing costs by at least 55%.

Crankshafts are another potentially significant application for Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI). Engines being developed by the automotive industry require weight reduction in parts that will be required to handle increased power. In another documented crankshaft study conducted at the Manchester (England) Materials Science Center, the authors demonstrated the performance capability of ADI crankshafts in one cylinder commercial and four cylinder automotive engines. They noted a 10% rotating weight reduction and an estimated 30% cost savings.

Austempered ductile iron is produced by heat-treating cast ductile iron to which small amounts of nickel, molybdenum, or copper have been added to improve hardenability. Ductile Iron = Fontă cu grafit nodular (fonte modificate)

ADI is sometimes referred to as "bainitic Ductile Iron", but correctly heat treated ADI contains little or no bainite. Bainite consists of a matrix of acicular (plate-like) ferrite and carbide. ADI’s ausferrite matrix is a mix of acicular ferrite and carbon stabilized austenite. This ausferrite may resemble bainite metallographically, however it is not because it contains few or none of the fine carbides characteristic in bainite. The austenite in ADI has been stabilized with carbon during heat treatment and will not transform to brittle martensite even at sub-zero temperatures. This material is produced by applying an austempering heat treatment to a suitably alloyed ductile iron. This produces a matrix microstructure of fine acicular ferrite and austenite, called ausferrite ADI microstructure - graphite spheroids in a matrix of ausferrite (a mixture of acicular ferrite and austenite).

Initial austenitizing times and temperatures are controlled to ensure formation of fine grain austenite and uniform carbon content in the matrix. Quench time must be controlled within a few seconds, to avoid the formation of pearlite around the carbon nodules, which would reduce mechanical properties. ADI microstructure - graphite spheroids in a matrix of ausferrite (a mixture of acicular ferrite and austenite).

Austempering involves the nucleation and growth of acicular ferrite within austenite, where carbon is rejected into the austenite. The resulting microstructure of acicular ferrite in carbon-enriched austenite is called ausferrite. 1. Heat castings in a molten salt bath to austenitizing temperature. 2. Hold at austenitizing temperature to dissolve carbon in austenite. 3. Quench quickly to avoid pearlite. 4. Hold at austempering temperature in molten salt bath for isothermal transformation to ausferrite.

Ductile Iron has commercially replaced as cast and forged steels in the lower strength region, now ADI is finding applications in the higher strength regions. As shown in Figure the yield strength of ADI is over three times that of the best cast or forged aluminum. In addition ADI weighs only 2.4 times more than aluminum and is 2.3 times stiffer. ADI is also 10% less dense than steel.

For a typical component, ADI costs 20% less per unit weight than steel and half that of aluminum.