Information Systems System Development Program Development Database Development Chapters 12, 13, 14

Learning Objectives Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition 2 1. Understand what information systems are and why they are needed. 2. Explain who uses information systems in a typical organization. 3. Identify several types of information systems commonly found in organizations and describe the purpose of each. 4. Explain the individuals involved with system development. 5. Identify and describe the different steps of the system development life cycle (SDLC). 6. Discuss several approaches used to develop systems. 2

3 What is Information?  What is Information?

4 What Is a System?  System:  Collection of elements and procedures that interact to accomplish a goal

5 What Is an Information System?  Information system:  A system (collection of elements and procedures that interact to accomplish a goal) used to generate the information ( data: facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis ) needed to support the users in an organization  Payroll?  Inventory tracking?  FedEx Package Tracking?  Components of an Information System  People  Hardware and Software  Data  Procedures

6 What does an Information System provide?  Business intelligence (BI):  The processes, technologies, and tools used to gather, store, access, and analyze data about a company  Data warehouse (data mart):  Comprehensive collection of data about a company and its customers  Ability to mine the data (data mining):  The use of intelligent software to find subtle patterns that may not be otherwise evident  Can identify processes that need improvement

Enterprise architecture Provides a conceptual blueprint of an organization, defines its structure and its operations Allows managers to organize and maximize the use of its resources and make better decisions Not easy to develop and requires time and effort, but once in place, it is an invaluable decision support tool American Airlines

Types of Information Systems 8  6 main categories of information systems  Office  Transaction  Decision Making  Integrated Enterprise  Design and Manufacturing  Artificial Intelligence

9 Types of Information Systems  Office system: A system used to facilitate communications and enhance productivity  Document management system (DMS):  Stores, organizes, and retrieves electronic documents  Content management system (CMS):  DMS that also includes multimedia files and other content  Communications system:  Allows employees to communicate with each other, with business partners, and with customers

10 Types of Information Systems  Transaction processing system (TPS): Processes and records data created by an organization’s business transactions  Usually processed in real time (POS system, etc.)  Specialty systems used in law enforcement, the military, etc.  May be grouped together in batches (like printing payroll checks for 100 people all at once, vs. one at a time)

11 Types of Information Systems  Decision making support systems: Help individuals make decisions  MIS - Management information system (MIS): Provides decision makers with preselected information  DSS - Decision support system (DSS): Provides people with the tools and capabilities to organize and analyze their decision making information  GIS - Geographic information system (GIS): Combines geographical information with other types of data to provide a better understanding of relationships among the data

12 Types of Information Systems Management Information Systems (MISs)

13 Types of Information Systems Decision Support Systems (DSSs)

14 Types of Information Systems Geographic Information Systems (GISs)

15 Types of Information Systems  Integrated enterprise system:  Designed to work together throughout an enterprise

16 Types of Information Systems  Design and manufacturing systems: Use computers to automate the design and manufacturing functions  Computer-aided design (CAD)  Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

17 Types of Information Systems  Artificial intelligence (AI) system: A system in which a computer performs actions that are characteristic of human intelligence  EXPERT  ROBOTICS

18  Military robots  Investigate caves, buildings, trails, etc., before soldiers enter  Locate and defuse explosive devices  Surveillance  Business robots  Seeking gas leaks, intruders, other hazards  Working on factory assembly lines  Mining coal, repairing oil rigs  Locating survivors/rescues  Remote video- conferencing  Personal robots  Entertainment  Toys  Household tasks Types of Information Systems -AI Robotics

19 Information System Users  Companies can share their Information systems with other companies:  UPS shares its shipping options with Amazon  Departments within companies can share their Information Systems  Admissions office can share transcript data with the Athletic dept  Information Systems are used by all employees  Every employee: Find out vacation hours balance  Managers: Manage budgets  Supervisors: track work completed; schedule workers

20 Why do information systems get created?  If company decides that computers can save time/money, then an Information System might be acquired or developed by its IT department  Information System may be required (or required to be modified) because of:  New laws  Changes to the legal requirements for retaining business data  New technology

21 How do information systems get created?  Many personnel involved  Managers  Analysts  Database Administrators  Security and Network technicians  Web Designers  Programmers  Computer Operators  Help Desk  Writers  Role of the Analyst is extremely important  Must understand how the business works  Must understand how computers can assist/improve business  System requirements must be “understood” in order build or modify an information system  Requirements must be translated from English into a computer program

22 Where do IT personnel come from?  Inhouse: Use employed/internal resources  Outsource: Hiring outside vendor to perform specific business tasks  Offshore outsourcing: Outsourced to another country  Captive offshoring: Own facilities  Nearshoring: Outsourcing to nearby countries  Homeshoring: Outsourcing to home-based workers

23 The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)  Information systems built and repaired, eventually replaced  Building has a process  Information flows between each phase(step) of the process  Different people are involved – you may be one of them, someday! 1.F easibility Is it worthwhile to have? 2.A nalysis What should it do? What features should it have? What data will it use? 3.D esign What will it look like? 4.D evelop Creation – build or buy 5.I mplement Test it - get rid of the “bugs” 6.M aintain Keeping it running