POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 2 PART A 9 The Central Nervous System

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings About this Chapter  Emergent properties of neural networks  Evolution of nervous system  Anatomy of the central nervous system  The spinal cord  The brain  Brain function

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-1a Evolution of Nervous Systems

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-1b Evolution of Nervous Systems

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-1c Evolution of Nervous Systems

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-1d Evolution of Nervous Systems

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-1e Evolution of Nervous Systems

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Evolution of Nervous Systems Figure 9-1f

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Embryonic Nervous System Figure 9-2a

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Embryonic Nervous System Figure 9-2b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-3a The Embryonic Nervous System The neural tube specializes into the seven major regions of the nervous system

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Embryonic Nervous System Figure 9-3b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Embryonic Nervous System Figure 9-3c

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy: Gray and White Matter  Gray matter  Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies  Dendrites  Axon terminals  White matter  Myelinated axons  Contains very few cell bodies

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy: Bone and Connective Tissue  Brain is encased in bony skull or cranium  Spinal cord runs through vertebral column  Meninges lies between bone and tissues  Dura mater  Arachnoid membrane  Pia mater

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy: Meningeal Layers Figure 9-4b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Summary: Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 9-5b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Summary: Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 9-5c

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-6a Anatomy: Blood-Brain Barrier

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy: Blood-Brain Barrier Figure 9-6b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neural Tissue: Metabolic Needs  Oxygen  Passes freely across blood-brain barrier  Brain receives 15% of blood pumped by heart  Glucose  Brain responsible for about half of body’s glucose consumption  Membrane transporters move glucose from plasma into the brain interstitial fluid  Hypoglycemia leads to confusion, unconsciousness, and death

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord: Overview Central nervous system, posterior view Figure 9-4a

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord: Anatomy Specialization in the spinal cord Figure 9-7a

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord: Anatomy Figure 9-7b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-7c (1 of 2) Spinal Cord: Anatomy Propriospinal tracts remain within the cord

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord: Anatomy Figure 9-7c (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord: Integrating Center Figure 9-8

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-9d Anatomy of the Brain

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Brain: The Brain Stem  11 of 12 cranial nerves originate along brain stem  Vagus nerve is a mixed nerve  Many nuclei are associated with reticular formation  Medulla  Somatosensory and corticospinal tracts in white matter  Pyramids

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Brain: Cerebellum Lateral view of brain The cerebellum coordinates movement Figure 9-9b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Brain: Diencephalon Figure 9-10

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Brain: Hypothalamus

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-9c Mid-Sagittal View of Brain

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gray Matter of the Cerebrum Figure 9-11

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Brain: The Limbic System  Emotion, memory, and learning Figure 9-13