CHAPTER 27 SECTION 3 End of the War & Victory in Asia

Yalta Conference Yalta Conference: February 1945 Plan for Postwar Peace Big 3 FDR Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Meeting Agreements: Russia Declare War Japanese 3 Months after Surrender Divide Germany New International Peace Organization American Politics: President Roosevelt Fourth Term Harry Truman – Vice President

Holocaust German slaughtering of European Jews Gypsies, Poles, mentally disabled, religious and political prisoners Genocide – deliberate annihilation of an entire people Hitler’s “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” Major Death Camps German Dachau Bergen-Belsen Poland Aushwitz Treblinka Majdanek 6 Million Jews 1/3 of Europe’s Jewish Population

Race to Berlin War in Europe 1945: Allies Bomb German Cities Destruction Civilian Deaths March 1945: Allies Cross Rhine River Eastern Europe Soviets Occupy Eisenhower Pushes East Fast as Possible German Surrender: Hitler's 1,000 Year Reich... April 30, 1945 Hitler Commits Suicide May 7, 1945 Unconditional Surrender May 8, 1945 Known as V-E Day Victory in Europe

Island Hopping US Strategy Island Hopping Attack and seize only certain strategic Japanese held islands Cut off supplies and troop reinforcements Began in November 1943 Airstrips for next Allied advance Gilbert Islands Tarawa Coral Reef encircled island Marines had to wade onto beach 1,000 marines killed / 2,000 wounded Gave US control of vital airstrip

Island Hopping Continued Saipan Marshall Islands Japanese Fleet Headquarters 127,000 soldiers 2/3 Marines Japan running low on planes Lost 350 Japanese Planes US lost 30 Saipan 32,000 Japanese Defenders US suffered 16,000 casualties 3,400 Dead US takes Guam in August Important for US to have these Islands Launch attacks on Mainland Japan Tinian – Home of the Enola Gay March 1945 launch raid on Tokyo Firestorms destroyed much of the city

Recapturing the Philippines Japanese resistance stiffens New Guinea-Philippines Campaign General Douglas A. MacArthur US and Australian Troops North Coast Fall 1944 Invade Philippines Battle of Leyte Gulf Last, Largest, most decisive Japanese Disaster Lost 4 carriers, 2 battleships several cruisers Fleet no longer a threat Aided by Filipino guerrillas February 1945 Entered Manila Douglas MacArthur “I’m a little late, but we finally came.”

Iwo Jima February Miles from Tokyo Lasted 6 weeks 20,000 Japanese killed No Cover US Marines Struggled to take Mt. Suribachi Tunnels and Bunkers When they reach Planted a flag on rocky soil Photo won a Pulitzer Prize

Okinawa April 1 st, 1945 Largest landing force in Pacific 350 miles from Japan Japanese did not challenge landing Retreated to southern tip of the island 5 hours Marines captured an airfield 0 shots fired 5 days later Japanese Attack 700 Planes 350 Kamikaze “Divine Wind” 6 US Ships sunk Bloodiest of the Pacific Japanese hid in caves US fired Flamethrowers

Atomic Bomb European Scientist: Moving to United States Albert Einstein in 1933 Physicist Warns U.S. German Research Manhattan Project: Atomic Bomb 1942 Enrico Fermi Italian Physicist Project Success: Atomic Chain Reaction 1942 July 16, 1945 Successful Test Alamogordo, New Mexico

End of the War Unconditional Surrender: Allies Demand July 26, 1945 Truman Orders Use of Atomic Weapons Enola Gay: B-29 Bomber August 6, 1945 Hiroshima 75,000 Killed August 9, 1945 Nagasaki 125,000 Killed

End of War Continued Japanese Surrender: September 2, 1945 USS Missouri Tokyo Bay Emperor Hirohito Kept in Power Urged by MacArthur to do so New Japanese Constitution Limits Japans Military National Defense Force

Argument/Justification Atomic Argument: Tokyo Considering Peace Soviet Declaration of War Threat of Invasion Surrender Atomic Justification:* Iwo Jima & Okinawa Heavy Am. Loses Japanese Invasion Est.1 Million Casualties Quick End to War Lives Saved Both Sides Display of Power Soviet Union