Supra- and subliminal priming

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Presentation transcript:

Supra- and subliminal priming Piotr Jaśkowski Department of Cognitive Psychology University of Finance and Management, Warszawa

What is supraliminal priming? Prime is fully visible target RT congr incongr prime Task: Respond with the hand the arrow points to Source: Jaśkowski, Consc.Cogn., 2006

What is subliminal priming? Semantic priming Source: Dehaene et al., Nature 1998

What is subliminal priming? Semantic priming prime target V-V six three A-V 6 three V-A six 3 V-V 6 3 Source: Dehaene et al., Nature 1998

What is subliminal priming? Priming effect PE = RT(incomp.) – RT(comp.) Positive compatibility effect (PCE): PE > 0 Negative compatibility effect (NCE): PE < 0 Source: Dehaene et al., Nature 1998

What is subliminal priming? Semantic priming PCE for all conditions Source: Dehaene et al., Nature 1998

What is subliminal priming? Motor priming RT target Respond to the target’s side 50 ms comp. incomp. Source: Neumann & Klotz, Att Perform.1994

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? What is this talk about? Questions to answer Is it possible to control subliminal processing? How neutral is a neutral mask? Is a double dissociation a proof for subliminal processing?

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Task: call the target’s color Stroop-like task 33 ms red Subliminal situation #$&%$ 267 ms ##### 300 ms red Supraliminal situation ##### Source: Merikle & Joordans, Consc.Cogn., 1997

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Stroop-like task comp. RT incomp. supraliminal subliminal ##### red compatible condition: 25% trials ##### red incompatible condition: 75% trials Source: Merikle & Joordans, Consc.Cogn., 1997

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Stroop-like task The reversed effect was found under the supraliminal condition, because under this condition participants had the possibility to ‘‘capitalize on the predictive information provided by the primes’’. Strategical control can be exercised only under supraliminal condition. Source: Merikle & Joordans, Consc.Cogn., 1997

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Problem If there is no control over subliminal stimuli: It should be possible to trigger one’s response against one’s will. It should be possible to trigger one’s response by means of several subsequently presented subliminal primes.

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Task: respond with left/right key depending on target position. Target Multiple priming Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? 35 ms prime duration = 11.6 ms target duration = 100 ms 35 ms 35 ms 35 ms Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Condition 80/20 - 20% compatible - 80% incompatible Condition 20/80 - 80% compatible - 20% incompatible priming sequence Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Reaction time (ms) Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Conclusions: Even when stimuli are subliminal participants can control their influence on their behavior: Plausibly, they can augment or damp the subliminal influence off-line. A need for such a regulation partcipants can infer from observation of their own performance. Source: Jaśkowski et al., J.Cogn.Neurosci., 2003

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? Correction of performance is mediated by frontal cortex Source: Wolbers et al. Cerebral Cortex, 2005

Is it possible to control subliminal processing? not true Strategical control can be exercised only under supraliminal condition. Source: P. Collins, www.philcollins.co.uk

How neutral is a neutral mask? Negative compatibility effect A mask reduces the participants’ conscious accessibility to the prime information, but it does not affect response to the target provided that the mask is neutral. A mask is neutral if it induces no response to the target.

How neutral is a neutral mask? Negative compatibility effect RT congr incongr Task: Respond with the hand the arrow points to Source: Eimer & Schlaghecken, JEP:HPP, 1998

How neutral is a neutral mask? Negative compatibility effect negative comp. RT incomp. comp. RT incomp. positive Source: Verleger et al., JEP:General, 2004

How neutral is a neutral mask? not true A mask does not affect response to the target provided that it is neutral. Source: P. Collins, www.philcollins.co.uk

Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing? NCE vs. PCE comp. RT incomp. negative (NCE) comp. RT incomp. positive (PCE) Source: eg. Klapp & Hinkley, JEP:Gen, 2002

Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing? NCE for masked and PCE for unmasked stimuli is a stronger evidence than for nonconscious influences. This dissociation shows that there are different mechanisms underlying conscious and nonconscious processing. If there is a qualitative difference in performance under the masking and nonmasking condition, it is a strong evidence for subliminal processing. Source: Klapp & Hinkley., JEP:HPP, 2005

Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing? NCE: no masking Negative compatibility effect NCE: efficient masking possible mask temporal positions Source: Jaśkowski, JEP:HPP, in press

Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing? No masking at all Negative compatibility effect Source: Jaśkowski, JEP:HPP, in press

Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing? Advice 3 If there is a qualitative difference in performance under the masking and nonmasking condition, it is a strong evidence for subliminal processing. Oh, think twice... Source: P. Collins, www.philcollins.co.uk before you conculude like this.

How far can you go with generalization? Arrowness Have different types of priming (semantic, perceptual, motor etc.) common features (dynamics, persistence etc.)?

Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing? Negative compatibility effect mask Source: Jaśkowski & Ślósarek, Consc.Cogn., in press

Is a double dissociation an evidence for subliminal processing? Advice 4 Oh, think twice... Source: P. Collins, www.philcollins.co.uk before you try to generalize your finding

Conclusions We control if our performance is or not consistent with our goals even if the stimuli are subconsciously processed. A mask is not a neutral stimulus. It is actively processed and our behavior is corrected according to the information the mask brings. Not every double dissociation is an evidence for subliminality. Be careful with generalizations!