 See diagram p131 Philip Allan

 Displaced person – People who are forced to move, by war, famine, political persecution or natural disaster  The UN defines a refugee as: ‘A well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owning to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country’  Asylum seekers – the migrants who claim for asylum/residence to be granted as they believe themselves to be a refugee. If refugee status is given they are allowed to stay, but if it is turned down, the immigrant may be deported

 Illegal migrants – People who avoid border and immigration controls and enter a new country illegally. Many are voluntary migrants seeking work, but some may be forced as part of ‘human trafficking’ to enter prostitution or other illegal activities  Voluntary migrants – People who move for quality of life reasons, usually economic gain (economic migrants). Many move temporarily (contract workers and professionals), returning home after months or years.

 Globalisation has made moving about much easier in recent years  In million people were living outside their country of birth – 3% of the population  8% of the UK’s current population is foreign born  The former colonies have played a big part in the formation of the multicultural societies in places like Britain...migrants have come in waves

The British Empire – People of these colonies were entitled to move to the UK, and in 1950 many people came to the UK to fill labour shortages in industries like the railways, buses and the NHS. People from these colonies were granted citizenship from 1948 – By 1972 the rules had changed to only allow people with work permits or people with grandparents and parents born in the UK to settle here

 Have a look at:  Migration into the UK since 1950 diagram  The Geography of UK post colonial immigration

 The EU has 5.5% of the population from outside  Have a look at the map on p102 Pearson to see the % of migrants  Read p Pearson  Immigration into Greece  _Greece _Greece

 Illegal immigration to Europe does seem to be on the rise although data on this is hard to collect. Why?  Anywhere between 4 –8 million illegal African migrants are thought to be in the EU, with the UK having 500,000 of these.  The EU is an economic powerhouse on their doorstep!  Many enter through the Canary islands or Malta p Philip Allan

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 Concern has been expressed about the number of asylum seekers in Europe as many are though to be economic migrants.  Asylum claims peaked at the end of the 1990s, the again in 2001 (Iraq war) and have since decreased. - see p135 Philip Allan  Most asylum seekers are from the middle and near east(Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan).  Also other places with difficulties(Russia, Serbia and war torn Africa eg Sudan)

You can see that the majority of asylum seekers were coming from the Middle East in 2001, mainly due to the start of the War on Terror You can see that leading up to early 2000s there was a huge rise in asylum applications between

 From 2000 migration between the EU has increased with many nations experiencing positive net migration  There is a negative net migration however for the Eastern European countries-as many are low income so people seek better economic opportunities (post accession migration- since joining the EU)  The core EU countries(UK, Germany and France) have positive net migration (mainly from E Europe and from outside)  EU countries around the Mediterranean basin have the highest net migration as ‘sunseekers’ move from the North to the South  See map p 136 Philip Allan

 1995 EU border controls were removed when the Schengen Agreement was put in place. This enabled the easier movements of goods and people (often without passports). The UK did not sign.  2004 was the original EU expansion of 8 low income Eastern European countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic). UK allowed free migration of these people (as well as Swtizerland and Ireland) but other EU member states imposed restrictions for up to 7 years.

Pros: EU labour can move to where the demand is This applies to high and low skilled jobs Encourages multiculturalism Cons: People have lost jobs through the undercutting of wages Have caused racial tensions in some communities Malta and Cyprus also joined in 2004, with Bulgaria and Romania in The UK imposed restrictions on movements of these people. See map p 137 Philip Allan