Spatial Interaction Movement of people, ideas, commodities within and among areas Examples? Truck hauling goods International telephone calls Immigration into the US

Why interaction? Complementarity Transferability, which depends on One place has something that another place wants Transferability, which depends on Characteristics and value of the product Distance (time) $$ Intervening opportunities

Go anywhere? Aaaahh, distance decay Exponential decay of interaction levels with increasing distance We rarely go often to places beyond a critical distance

How Distance Is Observed Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. How Distance Is Observed Figure 8.11

Why barriers? Distance is a BIG barrier to interaction More the distance, less the interaction Cost of interaction Travel means spending money Physical and cultural barriers Psychological barriers

Diffusion Spread of ideas, practices, from its origin to new places Diffusion of cuisine? Relocation diffusion People moving and diffusion of ideas Contagious diffusion Ideas spreading to nearby places Hierarchical diffusion Up or down a hierarchy Source: http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/features/sars/images/world_spread.gif

Patterns of Diffusion Figure 8.12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Patterns of Diffusion Figure 8.12 Reproduced by permission from Resource Publications for College Geography, Special Diffusion by Peter R. Gould, page 4. Association for American Geographers, 1969.

The Diffusion of Innovations over Time Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Diffusion of Innovations over Time Figure 8.13

Perception … is reality? Our mental maps of the world determined by our experiences Difference in experiences means different perceptions Directional biases Presence/absence of known people and knowing the geography OH, East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,

More mental maps Awareness of a place and opinions of that place May dispel notions, or May strengthen views So, how do people view things?

Mental Map of the World of a Palestinian high school student Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mental Map of the World of a Palestinian high school student

Four Mental Maps of Los Angeles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Four Mental Maps of Los Angeles Figure 8.4 From the Department of City Planning, City of Los Angeles, The Visual Environment of Los Angeles, 1971.

Neighborhood Maps Drawn by Children Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neighborhood Maps Drawn by Children Figure 8.5

Activity Space Territories We all have our own territories Formal ones include cities, countries … We all have our own territories Physical Such as a house, apartment Mental “give me some space, will you?” Overlapping activity spaces We share space with others For work, play, eat, …

Activity space Understand activity space through transportation Journey to work Trip to the grocery stores Trip to the video arcade … Source: http://www.sjcog.org/sections/news/publications/images/average_hometowork.jpg

Activity Space of Each Family Member Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Activity Space of Each Family Member Figure 8.7

Source: http://www.globaltelematics.com/landuse/nonwkpat2.gif

Travel Patterns for Purchasing Goods Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Travel Patterns for Purchasing Goods Figure 8.8 Cash economy Canada Old-order Mennonite Redrawn with permission from Robert A. Murdie, “Cultural Differences in Consumer Travel” in Economic Geography vol. 41, no. 3, p. 221. Copyright © 1965 Clark University, Worcester, MA.

Spatial Search in the San Fernando Valley Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spatial Search in the San Fernando Valley Figure 8.27 Redrawn by permission from J.O. Huff, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 76, pp. 217-221. Association of American Geographers, 1986.

Factors affecting trip making Stage in life course Young, elderly, … Mobility Cost and effort required Opportunities Simpler the economy, less need for trips

Mobility Circulation versus migration Temporary versus “permanent”

Migration Does not mean a planned two-way trip Migration is relocation of residence and activity space New job, new place to live, … Two types Forced Voluntary

Voluntary In response to push and pull factors Push Pull Wars, natural disasters, … Pull Better jobs, rejoining other family members, … Economic reason the most important factor

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Afghan refugees in October 2001