Theoretical Perspective: “Functionalism” Who and When: Robert Merton (1968) Strain Theory Definition: deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between— cultural goals (American Dream) AND the ability to achieve them

Innovation: person accepts cultural goals but uses illegal methods to achieve them Four Components: Ritualism: person rejects cultural goals but uses legitimate methods

Retreatism: person rejects cultural goals and legitimate methods Four Components: Rebellion: person rejects cultural goals and legitimate methods; creates new goals & methods Strain Theory You Tube Clip 

Theoretical Perspective: “Functionalism” Who and When: Travis Hirschi (1972) Control Theory Definition: compliance to social norms require strong bonds between individuals and society Example  Children adhere to their parents requests and rules because they respect and love them

Attachment: the stronger the relationship the more likely you will conform Four Components of Social Bonds: Involvement: the more participation in socially approved activities the more likely you will conform to society

Belief: believing in societies norms and values results in conformity to society Four Components of Social Bonds: Commitment: the more committed you are to societies goals the more you will conform to society

Theoretical Perspective: “Symbolic Interactionism” Who and When: Edwin Sutherland(1939) Theory Definition: we learn deviance through the number deviant acts we are exposed to in our life Example  - Son grows up watching Mom get beat up by Dad - Son gets married, becomes alcoholic and abuses his wife

1.The Ratio of Deviant people to Non-Deviant people observed during ones life 2.Occurrence of Deviant behavior by ones significant others during ones life 3.The age to which one was exposed to deviant behavior Three Characteristics:

Theoretical Perspective: “Symbolic Interactionism” Who and When: Howard Becker (1963) Labeling Theory Definition: Society creates deviance by identifying (through labels) people who are deviant Example 

Primary Deviance: committing deviant acts are limited and not a person’s norm Example  caught once drinking and driving The Components: Secondary Deviance: committing deviant acts are a persons way of life and a norm Example  drink and drive all the time

The Results: Stigma/Label: status attached to someone as a result of a deviant act Example  Alcoholic Drunk

Theoretical Perspective: “Conflict” Who and When: Steven Spitzer(1980) Theory Explanation: Industrialized societies protect themselves against deviants Example 

The Components: 1.The beliefs of those who criticize industrial society challenge societal norms 2.Society needs a workforce and those who do not work are deviants. 3.Those who threaten private property are deviants. 4.Respect of authority is important and those who petition and protest against authority are deviants. 5.Certain competitive activities are encouraged as long as they fit into accepted norms (violent sports)