Reza Khan Shah  Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 

 Name two advantages that allowed religious opponents of the Shah to be more effective than his secular opponents.

U. S. INTERVENTIONOTHER CONCERNS  Muhammad Mossadeq  Prime Minister  Nationalized Oil Industry  Overthrown in CIA backed coup 1953  Corruption  U.S Domination  40,000 Americans  Massive U.S. Arms Deals  Modernizing Reforms  1959 Women’s Vote  Land reform  Lack of Political Reform  Uneven Development  1970s Inflation

OPPOSITIONREGIME STRENGTHS  National Front (Mossadeq’s party) Calls for a return to constitutional monarchy  Tudeh Party of Iran (Communist)  Fedaian guerrillas  People’s Mujahedin (left Islamic guerrilla movement)  Oil Wealth  U.S. Support  5 th largest Army in the World  Savak –A massive and brutal secret police organization with 20,000 members and over 180,000 informants

 Group1: It is 1978.You are organizing opposition to the Shah.  P. 49 “It seems reasonable to claim that insurgency through religion was not simply their only choice, but the only option left to them.” Explain why religious mobilization might be more effective than secular mobilization, perhaps even your “only option.” What resources (material and/or ideological) can you make use of? (See chart) Why might these resources be effective in promoting your insurgency?  Group 2:  It is  You are CIA analysts. What went wrong? Why did you fail to foresee the fall of the Shah and the rise of the Islamic republic?  (Note that God’s Century indicates that the CIA had dismissed a call by Earnest Oney “Mullah Ernie,” to focus on religious leaders prior to the revolution.)  What lessons should the CIA learn from its failure in Iran?