1 Other Regions South, West, Rocky Mountains, The Northwest, & The Great Plains

2 South South police department paradigm –Institutionalized racism –Active patrol function (slave patrols) as a method of crime prevention –Commitment to “states rights” and suspicion of centralized authority produced a dedication to local control over police functions –With almost unlimited authority, combined with lack of training and supervision, racial abuse of power by police has been a constant problem

3 South (Con’t) Modern principles of police officer discipline and discretion were not in place as Southern policing developed Experience and necessity in preserving social order and preventing slave insurrection only acceptable guidelines Violence was met and overcome with stronger violence Force was met with overwhelming force – the consequences were rarely viewed as inappropriate

4 South (Con’t) Rule by mob a cultural phenomenon –Social and power elite accepted and occasionally led mob action –Shaming deviants as an example to others preserved social order –Lynching as a ritual was an effective way of keeping Blacks under control –Law enforcement accepted these factors and did little to dissuade mobs of “citizens”

5 The Expanding “West” Five Factors –Nature of Crime –Blending Old and New –Establishing Order – Vigilantism –Reform of Police Forces in the West –Development of the First State Police Force West of the Mississippi River – Texas Rangers

6 Nature of Crime Political Rivalry –North/South “political baggage” Socio-economic Conflict –Racial and Ethnic –Land use –Land Rights – mining and water

7 Spanish & Hispanic Paternalistic Highly stratified society Struggle for independence from Spain Immigration of “land-hungry” U.S. settlers –American conquerors –Combined Mexican and American principles –Sheriffs, posse comitatus, constables

8 Establishing Order - Vigilantism Since the Native American was not acceptable as a model in the Rocky Mountain Region, The Great Plains, and the Northwest Citizens took matters into their own hands through committees of vigilance – an extralegal method of administering justice and law enforcement Economics and social development seem to be the most accepted concepts to explain why honest citizens, sheriffs, judges, etc. tolerated the actions

9 Police Reform in the West Law enforcement gained permanent standing in towns and cities as communities became more stable and had financial resources to support regularized “policing” Sheriffs, local police marshals spent most of their time collecting taxes, maintained streets, served civil papers, inspected livestock brands, housed drunks, etc. Professionalization occurred along side education, medicine, law, etc. Gun control an important part of reducing violence

10 Native American Police Forces Native American law enforcement based on rehabilitation 1871 began legislative program to break up the power and cultural identity of centuries-old tribes – Indians would no longer be treated as “nations” but as individuals Reservations established – “Indian Agents” who attempted to supplant the Army control and hired Indian people to police the reservations

11 U.S. Marshals Created by George Washington as first Federal law enforcement service Only law enforcement presence in the “west” until territorial governments established Marshals and deputy Marshals served warrants, subpoenas, collected fines, impaneled juries for territorial courts Had three loyalties motivating their services: collecting extra fees, protecting their communities and serving the federal government

12 Private Security Agencies Allen Pinkerton American Express and Wells Fargo Railroad Police - Northwest Police Agency – established by Pinkerton for railroad security

13 State Police - Texas Rangers Began under the aegis of Mexico (1821) – Indian raids harassed the Spanish, then later Anglo- American settlers An alcalde was elected by the Anglos 1823 National militia with six military districts the force gained standing Most active during Reconstruction 1870 E.J.Davis elected governor – has state police force created but was disbanded in 1873 – 1874 legislature brought back the Texas Rangers