Building a Nation

Launching the New Government Federalist Period: Washington sets precedents Cabinet: Sec. of State Thomas Jefferson Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton Sec. of War Henry Knox Attorney General Edmund Randolph

First Political Parties Federalists Strong national gov. Republic of wise elite Loose interpretation of Constitution National Bank Economy: manufacturing & trade Supporters: merchants, investors, lawyers Republicans Limited national gov. Democracy of many Strict interpretation of Constitution No national bank Economy: farming Supporters: farmers, tradesmen, “plain people”

Hamilton’s Economic Plan Report on Public Credit: national government responsible for 2/3 of debt (owed to foreign countries & individuals) Pay off foreign debt and issue new bonds Federal gov. assume all state debt National Bank funded by gov. and wealthy investors. Give wealthy and creditors extra incentive in success of national government. protective tariffs

Criticism of Plan Bank unhealthy alliance between wealthy and government and its unconstitutional. South disliked assumption Hamilton agreed to move capital out of New York to South District of Columbia

Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Western farmers in Pennsylvania protested tax on whiskey 13,000 militiamen sent out Showed that federal government would enforce laws

Foreign Problems French Revolution 1792 Edmond Genet 1793 Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795

Adams Presidency Washington’s “farewell address” Election of 1796: Adams 71 votes, Jefferson 68. (Sectionalism)

Foreign Problems XYZ Affair “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.” 1798 Congress ordered U.S. ships to seize French vessels. Federalists called for all out war.

Officially ending of hostilities in the “quasi-war” with France

Adams Invokes Criticism Republicans attack Adams mercilessly Alien and Sedition Act (citizenship residence up to 14 years, jail or fined for criticizing gov.) Jefferson and Madison author the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Election of 1800 Adams v. Jefferson Jefferson wins but ties with Aaron Burr. Hamilton convinces Federalist that Jefferson is best choice. 36 th vote: Jefferson wins Revolution of 1800

Duel between Burr and Hamilton 1804

Jeffersonian Democracy Reduces pageantry of President Cuts spending Free trade Return power to states Southern Dominance

Louisiana Purchase 1803 bought from Napoleon for $15 million Doubled the size of U.S. “empire of liberty” Lewis and Clark expedition

War of 1812 Britain blockaded France 1806 By 1807 seized 1000 of U.S. ships Impressment Chesapeake incident Embargo Act of 1807 War hawks Madison agreed to war

Mixed Results of War Failed to take Canada Britain invades 1814 British burn capital U.S. win at Ft. McHenry Jackson leads 5,400 vs. 8,000 Redcoats at Battle of New Orleans Treaty of Ghent Results of War?

Era of Good Feeling Rise of Nationalism End of first two party political system Monroe Doctrine Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

American System Protective tariff (Tariff of 1816) Resurrect national bank Internal improvements (Erie Canal: 363 mile “Big Ditch”)

Problem with Sectionalism Missouri wants in as slave state free & 11 slave states Must keep balance of representation in Senate (Why is this important?) Intense hostilities between sections Jefferson “We have the wolf by the ear and we can neither safely hold him, nor safely let him go.” Missouri Compromise of 1820 a. Missouri slave state, Maine free state b line established

Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson Jackson wins? Does popular vote count? Corrupt Bargain House elects Adams Jackson forms Democratic Republican Party

Age of Jackson Attack elite for common people. Started spoils system Indian Removal of 1830 (over 90 treaties signed) Jackson vs. Calhoun over tariff War on the 2 nd National Bank (BUS) Jackson vs. Nicholas Biddle Jackson’s war on the banks leads to Panic of 1837 New two party system (Whigs)

Seeds of Sectionalism Industrial Revolution takes hold after war Textile industry in New England Lowell, Mass Small farms No justification for slave labor

King Cotton 1793 cotton gin Cotton planters flood the Deep South Plantation system Slavery becomes entrenched New states: MS 1817, AL 1819 Heats up sectional division

Oakleigh Mansion 1833 Bragg- Mitchell 1855

Federalist Last Stand Adams appointed John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court “midnight judges” Marbury v. Madison (Judicial Review)