Ch. 6 Study Guide

Headright System  Each head of family received 200 acres.  50 additional acres were given for each family member.  10 additional acres were given for each slave owned (given to the family, not the slave).  No family could earn more than 1,000 acres.  Each head of family received 200 acres.  50 additional acres were given for each family member.  10 additional acres were given for each slave owned (given to the family, not the slave).  No family could earn more than 1,000 acres.

Land given out during the Revolutionary War Georgia offered land to men willing to fight for their state. 100 acres was guaranteed for each soldier who enlisted 3 years. If you stayed in the war until the end, you received an additional 250 acres.

Land given out as a reward ◊Land was given out often after the war to war heroes. ◊This was to reward them for their excellent services. ◊Land was given in sizes from 1,000 to 20,000 acres. ◊Land was given out often after the war to war heroes. ◊This was to reward them for their excellent services. ◊Land was given in sizes from 1,000 to 20,000 acres.

How The System Started In 1802 Native Americans west of the Oconee River were pushed off their land. Georgia wanted to encourage people to settle this area as quickly as possible. Georgia also wanted to make a profit off of selling lottery tickets.

How the System Worked The land was divided into square lots of 202 square acres and were assigned a number. Pieces of paper with land lot numbers were put into a box along with an equal number of blank pieces of a paper. White males who were at least 21-years-old paid a small fee and were allowed to draw from the box. Men that pulled out a piece of paper with a number received land while men that pulled blank pieces received nothing.

YAZOO LAND FRAUD At the time, Georgia’s western borders were the Mississippi River and one of its tributaries, the Yazoo River. Included in these borders were the present states of Alabama and Mississippi.

YAZOO LAND FRAUD 4 land companies bribed Governor George Matthews and the General Assembly to pass a bill so that the companies could buy this land. The General Assembly passed the bill. The 4 companies then began buying the million acres of land for $500,000. This equaled about /2 cents an acre.

 Headright System  Land Lottery barrels

FARMING PRODUCTION THE MECHANICAL REAPER  Invented by Cyrus McCormick.  It had wooden paddles that were fastened to the harness of a horse.  As you guided the horse, the paddles turned and cut the grain. THE MECHANICAL REAPER  Invented by Cyrus McCormick.  It had wooden paddles that were fastened to the harness of a horse.  As you guided the horse, the paddles turned and cut the grain.

FARMING PRODUCTION How did it help the economy?  The reaper allowed farmers to cut six times as much as they previously could.  Enabled farmers to work larger and more profitable farms. How did it help the economy?  The reaper allowed farmers to cut six times as much as they previously could.  Enabled farmers to work larger and more profitable farms.

COTTON PRODUCTION Problem:  People had to pick the cotton by hand which took lots of time.  Once they picked the cotton, they had to get the seeds out. The seeds would stick to the cotton and have to be dug out one by one using their fingers. Problem:  People had to pick the cotton by hand which took lots of time.  Once they picked the cotton, they had to get the seeds out. The seeds would stick to the cotton and have to be dug out one by one using their fingers.

COTTON PRODUCTION THE COTTON GIN  Invented by Eli Whitney.  It was a box that you placed the cotton in. When you turned the handle, it would rip the seeds out and drop them in a separate section. THE COTTON GIN  Invented by Eli Whitney.  It was a box that you placed the cotton in. When you turned the handle, it would rip the seeds out and drop them in a separate section.

COTTON PRODUCTION How did it help the economy?  Made the process of picking and processing cotton much easier and faster.  Enabled farmers to work larger and more profitable farms. How did it help the economy?  Made the process of picking and processing cotton much easier and faster.  Enabled farmers to work larger and more profitable farms.

Mechanical Reaper

TRANSPORTATION How did it help the economy?  Turnpikes and plank roads made land travel quicker  Railroads allowed people and products to travel from place to place quicker. How did it help the economy?  Turnpikes and plank roads made land travel quicker  Railroads allowed people and products to travel from place to place quicker.

 In 1787, blacks founded the Springfield Baptist Church in Augusta  By 1816, Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.) and became its bishop.

 Circuit Riders – ministers who went from district to district, founding churches in the frontier region

 A school for which the federal government donated the land.

 The first school open to lower-income people.  The first public university in the U.S.  Held its first classes in September  Soon afterward, other states copied Georgia and began building public universities.

 Initially called the Georgia Female College, opened in Macon in 1836  Girls had classes in French, Literature and science education  Tuition was $50.00 per year

Sequoyah  Born around  Sequoyah’s father was a Virginia soldier and his mother a Cherokee princess.

Sequoyah’s Syllabary  In 1809, he began his syllabary - a group of symbols that stand for whole syllables.  It took him 12 years to decide on 85 symbols.  According to legend, Sequoyah’s wife destroyed his syllabary. He spent more than a year reconstructing it.  Once adopted by the Cherokee, he was sent to teach it. Most Cherokee could read and write due to this.

The Cherokee Phoenix  It was the first Indian newspaper.  It took its name from the bird that burned itself and then rose from the ashes of the fire.  Was printed in English and Cherokee.  Drew Cherokee nation together and made it possible to spread news among all of them.

New Echota  The first permanent Cherokee capital.  It had a print shop, a library and a courthouse.  They adopted a constitution similar to that of the U.S. It had three branches.  They met in the capital each October to deal with tribal matters.

Trail of Tears  Gold was found in Dahlonega in  Settlers wanted to mine this land which belonged to the Cherokee.  Eventually, all Cherokee were removed from the state of Georgia.

The Dahlonega Gold Rush Benjamin Parks discovers gold on Cherokee land in Dahlonega, Georgia. In a short time, over 10,000 miners from all over the United States descended onto Cherokee lands in Georgia.

The Role of the General Assembly The Georgia General Assembly quickly passed laws that stripped the Cherokee of their legal rights. – Declared Cherokee Laws “null and void” – Forbade Cherokees from speaking against whites in court – Declared that the Cherokee had NO RIGHTS to any gold mined in Dahlonega.

Rev. Samuel Worchester The General Assembly forbade whites from living on Cherokee land unless they signed an oath of allegiance to the state of Georgia. Rev. Samuel Worchester, a white missionary living in New Echota, refused to sign the oath of allegiance. – Sentenced to four years in prison – Worchester’s conviction was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court

Worchester v. Georgia Chief Justice John Marshall said that the Cherokee Nation was not subject to Georgia State law. – Worchester was to be set free – The Cherokee thought the ruling would allow them to keep their lands President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s ruling, clearing the way for the removal of the Cherokee tribes.

Chief John Ross Chief John Ross made several trips to Washington, D.C. – Wanted the U.S. government to protect the Cherokee from white settlers – Wanted past treaties to be honored December The Cherokee are forced to sign the treaty of New Echota, giving their remaining lands in the southeast to the U.S. Government.

The Trail of Tears Part of the Treaty of New Echota said that the Cherokee had to move to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) U.S. Army troops start rounding up the Cherokee at New Echota. 4,000 Cherokee died along the 700 mile march to the Indian Territory (nearly 1/3 of the original group).

Rising Conflict: The Oconee War Late 1700s - white pioneer settlers push into Creek lands along the Oconee River Alexander McGillivray leads Creek warriors in attacks against pioneer settlements In retaliation, white settlers killed Creek Indians on sight Late 1700s - white pioneer settlers push into Creek lands along the Oconee River Alexander McGillivray leads Creek warriors in attacks against pioneer settlements In retaliation, white settlers killed Creek Indians on sight

The Treaty of New York In an effort to end the Oconee War, President George Washington called Chief McGillivray to New York to sign a peace treaty Creek gave up their land east of the Oconee River and promised to honor previous treaties The U.S. government promised to keep whites out of Creek lands west of the Oconee River and help the Creek start farms The peace lasted from In an effort to end the Oconee War, President George Washington called Chief McGillivray to New York to sign a peace treaty Creek gave up their land east of the Oconee River and promised to honor previous treaties The U.S. government promised to keep whites out of Creek lands west of the Oconee River and help the Creek start farms The peace lasted from

Creek Divisions Early 1800s The Red Sticks Wanted to forcefully resist white settlements in Creek Land The White Sticks Wanted to find a peaceful co-existence with white settlers They were split in the Battle of 1812 Early 1800s The Red Sticks Wanted to forcefully resist white settlements in Creek Land The White Sticks Wanted to find a peaceful co-existence with white settlers They were split in the Battle of 1812

The Creek War ( ) August 30, Red Stick Creeks attacked Fort Mims (present day Alabama) and killed 400 people, including women and children Troops from Georgia, Tennessee and Mississippi began to attack the Creek in retaliation August 30, Red Stick Creeks attacked Fort Mims (present day Alabama) and killed 400 people, including women and children Troops from Georgia, Tennessee and Mississippi began to attack the Creek in retaliation

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 27, 1814) General Andrew Jackson and 2,000 troops and White Stick Creek allies defeat 1,000 Red Stick Creek The Creek surrendered to Jackson and gave up most of their land to the U.S. government The Creek became the first Indian tribe to be removed from Georgia General Andrew Jackson and 2,000 troops and White Stick Creek allies defeat 1,000 Red Stick Creek The Creek surrendered to Jackson and gave up most of their land to the U.S. government The Creek became the first Indian tribe to be removed from Georgia

Chief William McIntosh February 1825, Creek Chief William McIntosh and his first cousin, Governor George Troup, had worked out the terms of the Treaty of Indian Springs Paid McIntosh $200,000 to give up the last Creek lands in Georgia to the federal government

The Murder of Chief McIntosh According to Creek law, groups of Creek agreed that McIntosh should die On April 30, 1825, the Creek set fire to McIntosh’s home Allowed the women and children to leave before dragging him from his house and stabbing him in the chest McIntosh’s scalp was taken as a warning to others who might want to give Creek land to white men According to Creek law, groups of Creek agreed that McIntosh should die On April 30, 1825, the Creek set fire to McIntosh’s home Allowed the women and children to leave before dragging him from his house and stabbing him in the chest McIntosh’s scalp was taken as a warning to others who might want to give Creek land to white men