F IRST R EPUBLIC ( ) Christian Democracy Italian Socialist Party Italian Communist Party ‪ Italian Social Movement ‬ ‪ Italian Liberal Party ‬ ‪ Italian Republican Party ‬ ‪ Italian Democratic Socialist Party ‬ ‪ Radical Party

C HRISTIAN D EMOCRACY 15 December 1943 – 16 January 1994 IDEOLOGY: Centrism Christian democracy Popularism with some Christian leftist and conservative minorities

I TALIAN S OCIALIST P ARTY 14 August 1892 – 13 November 1994 IDEOLOGY: Before 1978 Socialism (Revolutionary socialism, Democratic Socialism, Marxism) After 1978 Social democracy Social Liberalism Third way Centrism Europeanism

I TALIAN C OMMUNIST P ARTY 21 January 1921 – 3 January 1991 IDEOLOGY: Communism

I TALIAN S OCIAL M OVEMENT 26 December 1946 – 27 January 1995 IDEOLOGY: Neo-fascism Post-fascism Nationalism Conservatism

I TALIAN L IBERAL P ARTY 8 October 1922 – 6 February 1994 IDEOLOGY: Liberalism Classical liberalism Conservatism

I TALIAN R EPUBLICAN P ARTY 12 April 1895 IDEOLOGY: Historical: Left-wing Centre-left Republicanism (Italian “Risorgimento”) Free enterprise Current: Centrism Social liberalism

I TALIAN D EMOCRATIC S OCIALIST P ARTY 11 January 1947 IDEOLOGY: Social democracy

R ADICAL P ARTY 11 December 1955 – 1 January 1989 IDEOLOGY: Radicalism Social liberalism Left-liberianism Anti-clericalism

L INGUISTIC MAP OF I TALY

H ISTORICAL VOTING TRENDS IN I TALY LEFT - WING PARTIES RIGHT - WING PARTIES

S ECOND R EPUBLIC (1994 〜 ) C HRISTIAN D EMOCRACY U NION OF THE C ENTRE I DEOLOGY : L IBERAL DEMOCRACY, L IBERALISM C HRISTIAN D EMOCRATIC C ENTRE I DEOLOGY : C HRISTIAN DEMOCRACY I TALIAN P EOPLE ’ S P ARTY I DEOLOGY : C ENTRISM, C HRISTIAN LEFT C HRISTIAN DEMOCRACY C HRISTIAN DEMOCRACY I DEOLOGY : C HRISTIAN DEMOCRACY, C ENTRISM, P OPULARISM

S ECOND R EPUBLIC (1994 〜 ) C HRISTIAN D EMOCRACY U NION OF C HRISTIAN AND C ENTRE D EMOCRATS I DEOLOGY : C HRISTIAN DEMOCRACY S OCIAL CONSERVATISM D EMOCRACY IS F REEDOM – T HE D AISY I DEOLOGY : C ENTRISM C HRISTIAN LEFT S OCIAL LIBERALISM C HRISTIAN DEMOCRACY S OCIAL DEMOCRACY

S ECOND R EPUBLIC (1994 〜 ) I TALIAN S OCIAL M OVEMENT N ATIONAL A LLIANCE I DEOLOGY : P OST - FASCISM N ATIONAL CONSERVATISM C ONSERVATISM R IGHT - WING POPULISM

S ECOND R EPUBLIC (1994 〜 ) I TALIAN C OMMUNIST P ARTY D EMOCRATIC P ARTY OF THE L EFT I DEOLOGY : P OST - COMMUNISM S OCIAL DEMOCRACY D EMOCRATIC SOCIALISM D EMOCRATS OF THE L EFT I DEOLOGY : S OCIAL DEMOCRACY D EMOCRATIC SOCIALISM

S ECOND R EPUBLIC (1994 〜 ) I TALIAN S OCIALIST P ARTY D EMOCRATIC LEFT I DEOLOGY : D EMOCRATIC SOCIALISM G REEN POLITICS I TALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY I DEOLOGY : S OCIAL DEMOCRACY L AICISM I TALIAN DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISTS I DEOLOGY : S OCIAL DEMOCRACY S OCIAL LIBERALISM

S ECOND R EPUBLIC (1994 〜 ) M AIN NEW PARTIES F ORZA I TALIA (“O NWARD, I TALY ”) I DEOLOGY : L IBERAL CONSERVATISM C HRSTIAN DEMOCRACY L IBERALISM S OCIAL DEMOCRATIC ( MINORITY ) N ORTH L EAGUE I DEOLOGY : F EDERALISM R EGIONALISM P OPULISM