Visualising Nationhood A Grand Theory of National Identity Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London

A Grand Theory Parsons' 'filing cabinet' Agnostic re source of changes About effects rather than causes Heuristic Device rather than positive theory Builds upon work of Zimmer (2003); Hutchinson (2005); Confino and others

Helps Clarify Major Issues Ideology and national identity 'Ethnic-Civic' Nations 'Nations before Nationalism' Universalism (Islam, Neoconservatism) as nationalism? 'Nations as Zones of Conflict' (Hutchinson 2005) Local vs National Relationship between individual identity and collective identity (ie. 'consumption v production') Ethnosymbolism: continuity of nations or revival of resources?

Optical Metaphor Referent: Frame of Reference for the Individual (Territory, Population). Can change for subjective and geopolitical reasons Lenses: Ideologies, Location (Social, Geographic), Interests, Psychological predispositions Resources: Landscape, History, Genealogy, Institutions, Values, Culture, Economy (Zimmer 2003)

Ideology and Nationalism Ethnic-Civic

Ideology and the Nation 'Nations before Nationalism' Universalism (Islam, Neoconservatism) as nationalism?

Values

Lens: British Unionist Ideology

Lens: Multicultural Ideology

Note that collective representations of the nation are also ideologies, albeit particularist Must distinguish Ireland as referent from collective ideology of Irish national identity produced by intellectuals/elites, and this is then different from an individual's image of their Irish national identity Can have individuals identifying with Ireland before the ideology of Irish national identity has crystallized People may see Ireland through prism of other ideologies (i.e. Catholic, Unionist)

Social Location: 'Nations as Zones of Conflict' (Hutchinson 2005) Geographic Location: Local vs National

Aristocratic-Upper Class Social Location

Whig-Middle Class Social Location

Interests and the construction of national identity Psychology and individual's national identity

Relationship between individual identity and collective Identity

Ethnosymbolism: continuity of nations or revival of resources?

Can locate the underpinnings of any theory As well as elements which do not easily fit within established theories (i.e. ideology, social location)

Read All About It…….. 'The Lenses of Nationhood: An Optical Model of Identity', Nations and Nationalism, forthcoming'The Lenses of Nationhood: An Optical Model of Identity', Nations and Nationalism, forthcoming "Dominant Ethnicity and Dominant Nationhood: Empirical and Normative Aspects" in Lecours, A. and G. Nootens (eds.), Dominant Nationalism, Dominant Ethnicity: Identity, Federalism and Democracy (Berlin: Peter Lang, forthcoming)"Dominant Ethnicity and Dominant Nationhood: Empirical and Normative Aspects" in Lecours, A. and G. Nootens (eds.), Dominant Nationalism, Dominant Ethnicity: Identity, Federalism and Democracy (Berlin: Peter Lang, forthcoming)

Helps Clarify Major Issues Ideology and national identity 'Ethnic-Civic' Nations 'Nations before Nationalism' Universalism (Islam, Neoconservatism) as nationalism? 'Nations as Zones of Conflict' (Hutchinson 2005) Local vs National Relationship between individual identity and collective identity (ie. 'consumption v production') Ethnosymbolism: continuity of nations or revival of resources?