Growth & Division Chapter 7 1816-1832

American Nationalism Section 1

Era of Good Feelings James Monroe – 5th President of the U.S. Period of time in which one political party existed No major issues debated, Everyone in politics and the country got along

Judicial Nationalism McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) Supreme Court ruled Congress had power to create National Bank Federal government the right to do the following four things: Collect Taxes, barrow money, regulate commerce, raise army and navy The state of Maryland tried to tax the federal bank State governments could not interfere with an agency of the federal government exercising its powers within a state’s borders

Judicial Nationalism Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) A steamboat company had a monopoly of traffic going in & out of NY. The company also tried to include traffic in New Jersey Supreme Court ruled the monopoly unconstitutional This ruling gave the federal government the power to control interstate commerce

Jackson Invades Florida Florida was Spanish territory in early 1800s The Creeks to resettled in Spanish Florida The Creeks renamed themselves the Seminoles, which meant “Separatists” or “Runaways” The Native Americans used FL as a base to raid settlers in GA In response, the U.S. sent Andrew Jackson to command troops to combat the Seminoles Adams- Onis Treaty Spain gave all Florida territory to the U.S. Finalized the western border of Louisiana Purchase – Arkansas River 42nd Parallel as northern border Creeks were driven from areas of present-day Alabama – Battle Horseshoe Bend (previous chapter)

Monroe Doctrine President Monroe declared the American continents, “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by European powers.” This declaration became known as the Monroe Doctrine Goal: Prevent other great powers from interfering with Latin American politics (countries in turmoil The Monroe Doctrine upheld Washington’s policy of neutrality – avoiding conflicts in European power struggles

Comprehension Check 1. When President Monroe was elected, the period of time was known as what? 2. True or False: Any state has a right to tax the federal government. 3. Explain a monopoly. 4. True or False: The Creeks resettled in Georgia and called themselves the Seminoles. 5. True or False: The Monroe Doctrine allowed Europeans to control affairs in Latin America. Era of Good Feelings False – does not have the right Control of business in an industry False – Florida False – wanted Europeans to stay out of affairs on the American continents

Early Industry Section 2

Transportation Revolution Roads National Road was funded by Feds even though many thought the Fed Gov could not fund internal improvements Many private businesses laid 100’s of miles of toll roads/turnpikes – pay to use Canals - man made water routes Eerie Canal connected Albany to Buffalo Robert Fulton – invented the steamboat – the Clermont 3300 miles of canals dug which stimulated new economic growth Story of Turnpikes – instead of fancy electronic gates we have now on toll roads, a person actually turned a large piece of lumber that was blocking the road for the traveler to pass

Transportation Revolution Railroads – the “Iron Horse” The first RR engine was built by Peter Cooper RR has 2 advantages over steamboats & stagecoaches: Quicker & could go anywhere track was laid RRs helped to settle the west & expand trade between the U.S.’s different regions RRs increased the need for

New Systems of Production Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney popularized interchangeable parts Improved communications through the invention of the telegraph by Samuel Morse Journalists organized the Associated Press

The Land of Cotton Section 3

Southern Economy Cash Crops of the South: Tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and cotton Cotton was the largest commodity in the South due to the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney – produced 100,000 bales Cotton gin strengthened the institution of slavery 1808, Foreign slave trade ended, but not domestic High birthrates – population increased from 1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million in 1850 Very little industry in South, only 16% of Americans manufacturing came from the South

Southern Society Large plantations; 20+ slaves Owned 4- slaves Planters Yeoman Farmers Poor, Rural Whites Free African Americans Enslaved African Americans Large plantations; 20+ slaves Owned 4- slaves Lived on land too barren to farm 93% of Af-Am in South were slaves – 37% of total population

Slavery Slaves could be blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers, house servant, or field hand Slave Gangs were controlled by a driver – a slave could be a driver if he was loyal & willing to cooperate Frederick Douglass – anti-slavery movement Slave Codes: slaves could not own property, learn to read/write, own firearms, testify in court, leave the owner’s land without permission

Coping with Enslavement Slave coped through music, religion, and language –created a slave “culture” which gave them a sense of unity, pride, and mutual support Resistance Work slowdown, broke tools, set fires to homes & barns, risked beatings and mutilations to run away Nat Turner Rebellion – 8/22/1831 Killed 50 whites & sentences to death by hanging

Growing Sectionalism Section 4

Missouri Compromise Monroe could not stop growing sectionalism and disputes over slavery Issue: Would slavery be allowed to expand West? 11 free & 11 slave states = even number of senators & balance of power in Congress Slavery would be prohibited in the LA Purchase territory north of MO’s southern border (Arkansas) MO Compromise = temporary solution to the problem

Election of 1824 Candidates: Henry Clay – Kentucky Andrew Jackson – Tennessee John Q. Adams – Massachusetts William Crawford – Georgia Issues: states rights, national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements Tie between Adams & Jackson – Adams & Clay make a deal = Corrupt Bargain Jackson begins the Democratic Party in response

Election of 1828 Republican Candidate = John Q. Adams Democratic Candidate = Andrew Jackson Mudslinging: petty criticism of morals & personality of political candidates Jackson becomes the president in 1828 Most support came from South and West The White House was reached by a common man from the western frontier