Chapter Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean: Persia and Greece 5

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Spread of Aryan Settlement I.The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the Middle East II.The Political Character of Classical Greece III.The Hellenistic Period IV.Greek and Hellenistic Culture V.Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Persians 550 B.C.E., Cyrus the Great –Empire Conquered peoples retain culture Zoroaster –Good vs. evil –Last judgment

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Persian Empire in Its Main Stages

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Persian Empire: Parallel Power in the Middle East The Political Character of Classical Greece –Variety of polities  Aristocracy generally dominant Literacy –From 8th century B.C.E.  Iliad, Odyssey  Basis for Hellenic culture

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Persian Empire: Parallel Power in the Middle East Architecture –Colonnaded buildings Arts –Sculpture –Black and red pottery

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Greek World

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The City-State as a Political Unit City-states (polis) –Participation  Assemblies, councils 500s –Conflict between aristocracy and middling class  Reform –Solon of Athens –Greater participation

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The City-State as a Political Unit Poleis deeply united –Public religion –Political participation –Cultural events, e.g. theatre

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Rise of Democracy in Athens Solon Peisistratus Cleisthenes –Council Popular assembly –Oversight of most of the government

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Rise of Democracy in Athens Offices filled by lot Who was excluded? –Women –Slaves –Foreigners and their children

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fragmentation and Unity Colonization –Spread of Greek culture –Expansion of trade Religious games –Truces –Competition –Olympics –Delphi

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fragmentation and Unity Conflict between cities –Persian Wars  Temporary unity  Delian League Dominated by Athens –Athens versus Sparta  Political contrast  Competing alliances  Peloponnesian War, B.C.E. Athenian surrender, 404 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Greece and Greek Colonies, c. 431 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Hellenistic Period Spread of Greek rule, Greek culture Formation of a common cultural area Mediterranean, Near East

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Macedonian Conquest Macedon compared to southern Greece –Monarchy v. city-state –Plains v. mountainous –Linguistic differences Philip II ( B.C.E. ) –By 338 B.C.E., Greece conquered

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Alexander the Great Conquests, B.C.E. –Into India, Egypt –Cities founded  Alexandria Death, 323 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World, c. 323 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Later Hellenistic States Division –“Successor states” –Alexander’s generals rule –Egypt: Ptolemies  Relative stability –Persia: Seleucids –Macedonia: Antigonids  Civil wars

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Later Hellenistic States Bactria –Blend of Indian and Greek culture

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Creativity in Greek and Hellenistic Culture Religion, Philosophy, and Science –Religion  Pantheon of gods with human traits  Mystery religions More emotional

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Creativity in Greek and Hellenistic Culture Religion, Philosophy, and Science –Philosophy  Socrates Skepticism  Plato –Stoics  Moral fortitude

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Creativity in Greek and Hellenistic Culture Religion, Philosophy, and Science –Science  Pythagoras  Euclid  Galen  Archimedes

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Literature and the Visual Arts Drama –Public, religious, typified by conflict –Sophocles  Tragedy –Aristophanes  Comedy

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Literature and the Visual Arts Drama –Oral epic  Homer –History  Herodotus  Thucydides

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Literature and the Visual Arts Drama –Visual arts  Public e.g. temples, victory sculpture  Human achievement central Especially in Hellenistic period

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Hellenistic Culture Focus on exact sciences –Geometry, medicine, etc. Art more emotional, less idealized Philosophy emphasizes withdrawal, not engagement

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns of Greek and Hellenistic Society Economic and Social Structure –Aristocracy  Power from land, military role –Economic expansion, colonization  Challenges role of aristocracy –Merchants  Ambiguous place in society –Slavery  From captives

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns of Greek and Hellenistic Society Men, Women, and Social Divisions –Patriarchy –Women  Legal and cultural disabilities –Adultery in men tolerated  Punishable in women –Some improvement in Hellenistic period

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Complex Legacy Ideas –No lasting polities Artistic legacy –Direct and indirect –Consciously imitated, revived –Mingled with Middle Eastern legacy