Earthquake Hazard Map

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Presentation transcript:

Earthquake Hazard Map

Fig

Richter Scale The Richter Scale is a logarithmic scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake. A magnitude 5.0 quake has Earth movements ten times greater than a 4.0 magnitude quake (= ~32x the energy released). In theory, the local crust melts in a magnitude 10 or greater quake. The most energetic quake recorded to date had a magnitude of approximately 9.0.

Largest Earthquakes in History YearEpicenterMag.Deaths 1960Chile9.51, Prince William Sound, AK (with tsunami) 2004Sumatra9.1227,000 (with tsunami) 1952Kamchatka, Russia9.0none 1906Ecuador (off coast)8.8~1,000 (with tsunami) 1965Rat Islands, AK8.7none 2005Northern Sumatra8.6~1,000 (small tsunami, no deaths) 1950Assam, Tibet8.6~780 (+536 killed in dam-break flood) 1957Andreanof Islands, AK8.6none (with major tsunami and eruption) Chile –February 27, 2010 Magnitude: 8.8 Deaths: <1,000 (with tsunami) Japan – March 11, 2011 Magnitude: 9.0 Deaths: ~16,000 (with tsunami)

Deadliest Earthquakes in History YearEpicenterMag.Deaths 1556Shensei, China~8830,000Ming Dynasty 1976Tangshan, China7.5255,000(actual death toll ~500,000) 1138Aleppo, Syriana230, Sumatra9.1227,000(Christmas Tsunami) 856Iranna200, Ning-hsia, China7.8200, Iranna150, Kanto, Japan7.9142,000(Great Tokyo Fire) 1948Turkmenistan7.3110, Chihli, Chinana100, Pakistan7.686,000 Haiti -January 12, 2010 Magnitude: 7.0 Deaths: ~230,000

Fig B o d y W a v e s S u r f a c e W a v e s

Fig Fig seismograph A seismograph measures relative movement of the ground to a stationary pen.

Seismogram Seismogram – record of ground movement produced by a seismograph

Seismogram Seismogram – record of ground movement produced by a seismograph P-waves arrive at the station first, followed by S-waves and later by surface waves. Because S-waves travel more slowly than P-waves, the farther the waves have traveled, the farther behind the S-waves will be and the longer the time gap until they arrive. P-wave velocity will always be higher than S-wave velocity, no matter what the waves travel through.

Fig Earthquake in Pacific Northwest Waves arrive in Denver distance: 2000 km Waves arrive in St. John’s distance: 5300 km Waves arrive in Lima distance: 9000 km

Fig The difference between the arrival times for P-waves and S- waves can be used to determine the distance to the earthquake’s epicenter