Emotions and Motivations week 7

Emotions and feeling Affect guides behavior, helps us make decisions has a major impact on our mental and physical health…

Emotions and feeling An emotion is a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our behavior. A motivation is a driving force that initiates and directs behavior. Biological /food, water, se.../ personal and social for social approval and acceptance, to achieve, to take, or to avoid taking risks

Fundamental emotions the basic emotions are: anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise

The basic emotions are determined the limbic system, including the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus

Emotions relation with: Needs Interest Satisfaction

Emotions The Oxford English Dictionary defines emotion as “any agitation or disturbance of mind, feeling, passion, any vehement or excited mental state”.

Mental (or emotional) States Mood Affect Stress Emotion Frustration Passion Biological emotions (according to the needs)

îñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ÀÝÏ×í³Í Øï³Ñá· ¼³Ûñ³ó³Í ػճíáñ ²Ù³ãÏáï ÀÝÏ×í³Í Øï³Ñá· ¼³Ûñ³ó³Í ػճíáñ ²Ù³ãÏáï îËáõñ ²Ùáóѳñ à·¨áñí³Í ì³Ë»ó³Í ¶ñ·éí³Í ²Ý³å³Ñáí Ðå³ñï γï³Õ³Í Êáõ׳å³Ñ³ñ Ðáõë³Éùí³Í ÜÛ³ñ¹³ÛÇÝ ¼½í³Í ìÇñ³íáñí³Í ¼í³ñà Ðáõë³Ñ³ïí³Í ¼³Ûñ³ó³Í ì³Ë»ó³Í àõñ³Ë êÇñáí Üí³ëï³ó³Í

E m o t i o n s According to some theorists the following clusters or groups of emotion are universal: Anger: fury, outrage, resentment, wrath, exasperation, indignation, vexation, acrimony, animosity, annoyance, irritability, hostility, and perhaps at the extreme, pathological hatred and violence Sadness: grief, sorrow, cheerlessness, gloom, melancholy, self-pity, loneliness, dejection, despair, and when pathological, depression

E m o t i o n s Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, concern, consternation, misgiving, wariness, qualm, edginess, dread, fright, terror, and when pathological - phobia and panic Enjoyment: happiness, joy, relief, contentment, bliss, delight, amusement, pride, sensual pleasure, thrill, rapture, gratification, satisfaction, euphoria, whimsy, ecstasy, and when pathological , mania

E m o t i o n s a. Love: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affinity, devotion, adoration, infatuation, agape b. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, wonder c. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, abhorrence, aversion, distaste d. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, humiliation, regret, mortification, and contrition

Maslow's hierarchy of needs 1. Self- actualization needs (Need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential) 2. Esteem needs a. Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence and independence; b. Need for recognition and respect from others 3. Belongingness and love needs a. Need to love and to be loved, to belong and be accepted; b. To avoid loneliness and alienation 4. Safety needs a. Need to feel that world is organized and predictable; b. Need to feel safe, secure, and stable 5. Psychological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst There is a different classification of motives that pull us toward activity. They are grouped by few criteria

Theories of motivation Drive-reduction theory is a need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direst it toward a goal Theories of motivation Instincts Drive-reduction theory Optimum arousal

The Secondary Emotions The cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions—known as cognitive appraisal—allow us to experience a much larger and more complex set of secondary emotions.

Emotions and motivation involve arousal, our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). “hot”—they “charge,” “drive,” or “move” our behavior

Emotions or strong motivations the sympathetic nervous system provides us with energy to respond to our environment the liver puts extra sugar into the bloodstream, the heart pumps more blood, respiration increases, we begin to perspire to cool the body. The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released

The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion James-Lange According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal that we experience. Schachter & Singer  the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be. an arousal factor and a cognitive factor Emotion = arousal + cognition

Conclusions Emotions are the normally adaptive mental and physiological feeling states that direct our attention and guide our behavior. Emotional states are accompanied by arousal, our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Motivations are forces that guide behavior. They can be biological, such as hunger and thirst; personal, such as the motivation for achievement; or social, such as the motivation for acceptance and belonging.

Conclusions The most fundamental emotions, known as the basic emotions, are those of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Cognitive appraisal allows us to also experience a variety of secondary emotions According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal.

Conclusions According to the two-factor theory of emotion, the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, and the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be. When people incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing, we say that they have misattributed their arousal. We express our emotions to others through nonverbal behaviors, and we learn about the emotions of others by observing them.