Accounting & Financial Reporting BUSG 503 Michael Dimond

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Inventory Types Supplies inventory: used by businesses but does not directly drive revenue Merchandise inventory: held by retailers and wholesalers and is the source of revenue Materials inventory: held by manufacturers Raw materials Work-in-progress Finished goods – only finished goods creates revenue LO 1

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Account for Sales of Merchandise LO 2 Sales revenue: representation of the inflow of assets, either cash or accounts receivable, from the sale of a product during the period Gross Profit = Net Sales − Cost of Goods Sold Net Sales = Sales − Sales Return and Allowances − Sales Discount

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Exhibit 5.3—Net Sales Section of the Income Statement

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Sales Returns and Allowances Sales returns and allowances: contra-revenue account used to record refunds to customers and reductions of their accounts Sales discounts: contra-revenue account used to record discounts given to customers for early payment of their accounts Credit terms: firm’s policy for granting credit Example: n/30; Net, 10 EOM; 1/10, n/30

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Credit Terms and Sales Discounts Credit terms: firm’s policy for granting credit n/30: the net amount of the selling price is due within 30 days of the date of the invoice Net, 10 EOM: the net amount is due anytime within ten days after the end of the month 1/10, n/30: the customer can deduct 1% from the selling price if the bill is paid within ten days Sales discounts: contra-revenue account used to record discounts given to customers for early payment of their accounts

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Cost of Goods Sold Recognition of cost of goods sold as an expense is an excellent example of matching principle Sales revenue: inflow of assets, cash or accounts receivable Cost of goods sold: outflow of asset, inventory Cost of goods available for sale Cost of goods sold Beginning inventory + Cost of goods purchased Cost of goods available for sale − Ending inventory LO 3

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration COGS on the Income Statement

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Cost of Goods Sold Model

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Inventory Systems: Perpetual and Periodic Perpetual The inventory account is increased at the time of each purchase and decreased at the time of each sale Periodic The inventory account is updated only at the end of the period

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Recording COGS in a Perpetual System Daisy’s sells a pair of running shoes that costs $70. In addition to the entry to record the sale, Daisy’s would also record an adjustment as follows:

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Cost of Goods Purchased

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Recording Purchase in a Periodic System Daisy’s buys shoes from Nike at a cost of $4,000. The effect is to increase liabilities and increase cost of goods sold, which is an expense

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Recording Purchase Returns in a Periodic System Daisy’s returns $850 of merchandise to Nike for credit on Daisy’s account. The return decreases both liabilities and purchases. Because a return reduces purchases, it has the effect of reducing expenses and increasing net income and stockholders’ equity

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Recording Purchase Discounts (Periodic System) On March 13,there is a purchase of merchandise for $500, with credit terms of 1/10, n/30

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Purchase Discounts A contra-purchases account used to record reductions in purchase price for early payment to a supplier

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Shipping Terms and Transportation Costs Cost principle: All costs necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use should be included in its cost FOB destination point: seller incurs the transportation costs FOB shipping point: buyer incurs the transportation costs

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Recording Transportation-In in a Periodic System Assume that on delivery of a shipment of goods, Daisy’s pays an invoice for $300 from Rocky Mountain Railroad. The terms of shipment are FOB shipping point

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Effect of Shipping Terms on Purchases and Sales

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration The Gross Profit Ratio Important measure of profitability Indicates a company’s ability to cover operating expenses and earn a profit Relationship between gross profit and net sales—measured by the gross profit ratio—one of the most important measures to assess the performance of a company LO 4 Gross Profit Net Sales Gross Profit Ratio =

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration The Ratio Analysis Model 1.How much of the sales revenue is used for the cost of the products, and thus, how much remains to cover other expenses and to earn net income? 2.Gather the information about net sales and cost of goods sold 3.Calculate the gross profit ratio 4.Compare the ratio with prior years and with competitors 5.Interpret the ratios—showing increase or decrease

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration The Business Decision Model 1.If you were an investor, would you buy stock in a company? 2.Gather information from the financial statements and other sources 3.Compare the company's gross profit ratio with industry averages and look at trends 4.Buy stock or find an alternative use for the money 5.Monitor the investment periodically

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Inventory Valuation and Measurement of Income Value assigned to inventory on balance sheet determines the amount eventually recognized as an expense on income statement Incorrect ending inventory will affect cost of goods sold and net income LO 5

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Inventory Costs Cost: price paid or consideration given to acquire an asset Includes expenditures directly or indirectly incurred in bringing to its existing condition and location Examples: Freight costs incurred to bring inventory to the place of business Cost of insurance when inventory is in transit Cost of storing inventory before it is ready to be sold Taxes paid—excise and sales taxes

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Inventory Costing Methods in Periodic System Specific Identification Weighted Average First-in, First-out (FIFO) Last-in, First-out (LIFO) LO 6

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Specific Identification Method Relies on matching unit costs with the actual units sold Example 5.10—Determining Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Using Specific Identification

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Determining Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Using Specific Identification (continued)

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Weighted Average Cost Method Assigns the same unit cost to all units available for sale during the period Cost of Goods Available for Sale Units Available for Sale Weighted Average Cost= Ending inventory= Weighted Average Cost Number of Units in Ending Inventory ×

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Determining Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Using Weighted Average

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration First-In, First-Out Method (FIFO) Assigns the most recent costs to ending inventory Example 5.12—Determining Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Using FIFO

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Determining Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Using FIFO (continued)

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Last-In, First-Out Method (LIFO) Assigns the most recent costs to cost of goods sold Example 5.13—Determining Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Using LIFO

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Determining Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Using LIFO (continued)

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Selecting an Inventory Costing Method The choice of an inventory method will impact cost of goods sold and thus net income A company should choose the method that results in the most accurate measure of net income for the period The primary determinant in selecting an inventory costing method should be the ability of the method to accurately reflect the net income of the period LO 7

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Income Statements - Inventory Costing Methods

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Taxes Saved by Using LIFO Instead of FIFO Assume a 40% tax rate, income tax expense under LIFO is only $2,000, compared with $2,600 under FIFO, a savings of $600 in taxes

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Result of FIFO and LIFO during a Period of Raising Prices

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration LIFO Issues LIFO Liquidation The result of selling more units than are purchased during the period Negative tax consequences LIFO Conformity rule If LIFO is used on a tax return, it must also be used in reporting income to stockholders LIFO Reserve The excess of the value of a company’s inventory stated at FIFO over the value stated at LIFO

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Costing Methods and Inventory Profits Replacement cost: current cost of a unit of inventory Inventory profit: the portion of the gross profit that results from holding inventory during a period of rising prices

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Reconciling the Difference between Gross Profit on a FIFO Basis and on Replacement Cost Basis

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Inventory Valuation in Other Countries Valuing inventory differ around the world GAAP in the United States allows LIFO IASB strictly prohibits the use of LIFO Survival of LIFO is not only a matter of convergence with international standards LIFO allows companies with rising inventory costs to report lower income

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Inventory Errors If ending inventory is overstated, cost of goods sold will be understated and thus net income for the period overstated The opposite effects will occur when ending inventory is understated Different types of inventory errors Mathematical errors Physical count of inventory at year-end Cutoff problems—in-transit—at year-end LO 8

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Effects of Inventory Errors

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Effect of an Inventory Error on Net Income

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Effect of an Inventory Error on Retained Earnings

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Effect of an Inventory Error on the Balance Sheet

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Lower-of-Cost-or Market Rule A conservative inventory valuation approach Require that inventory be written down at the end of the period if the market value of the inventory is less than its cost Can be applied to: Entire inventory Individual items Groups of items Required under both U.S. GAAP and IFRS U.S.GAAP Define market value as replacement cost, subject to a maximum and a minimum amount New amount becomes basis for future adjustments IFRS Uses net realizable value with no upper or lower limits Write-downs of inventory can be reversed in later periods LO 9

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration The Ratio Analysis Model 1.How liquid the company is? 2.Gather cost of goods sold from the income statement and average inventory from balance sheet at the end of the two most recent years 3.Calculate the inventory turnover ratio 4.Compare the ratio with other ratios 5.Interpret the ratios—measure of how long it takes to sell inventory

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration The Business Decision Model 1.If you were an investor, would you buy stock in the company? 2.Gather information from the financial statements and other sources 3.Compare trends in inventory turnover ratios, net income with industry averages 4.Buy stock or find an alternative 5.Monitor your decision periodically

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Exhibit 5.10—Inventories and the Statement of Cash Flows LO 11

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Inventory Costing Methods - Perpetual Inventory LO 12

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Ending Inventory Using FIFO with a Perpetual System

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Ending Inventory Using LIFO with a Perpetual System

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Ending Inventory Using Moving Average with a Perpetual System

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Types of Manufacturing Costs Direct materials: also called raw materials Ingredients used in making a product Direct labor: amounts paid to workers to manufacture the product Manufacturing overheads: all other costs that are related to the manufacturing process but cannot be directly matched to specific units of output Example: depreciation of building and salary of supervisor

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Three Forms of Inventory for Manufacturers Direct materials The inventory of a manufacturer before the addition of any direct labor or manufacturing overhead Work in process Cost of unfinished products in a manufacturing company Finished goods A manufacturer’s inventory that is complete and ready for sale

Michael Dimond School of Business Administration Types of Businesses and Inventory Costs