Image Synthesis Rabie A. Ramadan, PhD 4

2 Review Questions Q1: What are the two principal tasks required to create an image of a three-dimensional scene? Modeling Rendering

3 Q2: What is modeling? The description of an object that is going to be used by the graphics system. E.g mathematical model.

4 Q2: Models must be created for every object in a scene (True/False) ? True

5 Q3: OPenGL provides explicit support for creating object models (True/False) false

6 What is OpenGL? A software interface to graphics hardware Graphics rendering API (Low Level) High-quality color images composed of geometric and image primitives Window system independent Operating system independent

7 One of the Modeling task is to provide accurate rendering of a model’s appearance or surface shading (true/false) ? true

8 Why do we need the Tessellation process? To simplify the image synthesis operation.

9 What is the most common Tessellation geometric ? Tringle

10 What a “normal” in image synthesis ? You can find the normal at a particular point on a surface by First Finding the flat plane that just touches the surface at that point. The normal is the vector that’s perpendicular to that plane.

11 Selecting the vectors depends on the type of polygon (true/false) ? true

12 Name the following stripping? Triangle strip winding

13 Name the following stripping? Triangle fan winding

14 The triangle fans are primitive (true/false) False The triangle strip is the more versatile primitive. The triangle fans are ideal for large convex polygons

15 What is the main goal of a triangle stripping? The goal here is to minimize the number of total strips and try to avoid “orphan” triangles (also known as singleton strips)

16 Name the following algorithm ? A better algorithm is to choose a polygon, convert it to triangles, then move to the polygon which has an edge that is shared with the last edge of the previous polygon. A given starting polygon and starting edge determines the strip path. The strip grows until it runs off the edge of the model or reaches a polygon that is already part of another strip Greedy Tri-stripping

17 Complete OpenGL represents vertex coordinates, texture coordinates, normal vectors, and colors generically as ……………….. Tuples can be thought of as ………-component vectors. Tuples 4

18 Describe how the data is represented in OpenGL ? OpenGL represents transforms as 4 × 4 matrices, plane equations as 4-component tuples,

19 The following is the transformation pipeline, describe each block?

20 Suggest another Anatomy of a rendering pipeline? World space Viewing space 3D screen space 2D display space Local space

21 What are the main functions of CPU and GPU? Two players: The CPU, your processor and friend The GPU (Graphical Processing Unit) or equivalent software The CPU passes streams of vertices and of data to the GPU. The GPU processes the vertices according to the state that has been set; here, that state is “every four vertices is one quadrilateral polygon”. The GPU takes in streams of vertices, colors, texture coordinates and other data; constructs polygons and other primitives; then draws the primitives to the screen pixel-by-pixel. This process is called the rendering pipeline.

22 matrix multiplication is associative but not commutative. Explain? Remember: matrix multiplication is associative but not commutative. ABC = A(BC) = (AB)C ≠ ACB ≠ BCA

23 OpenGL uses matrix stacks to store stacks of matrices. Explain? OpenGL uses matrix stacks to store stacks of matrices, where the topmost matrix is (usually) the product of all matrices below. This allows you to build a local frame of reference— local space—and apply transforms within that space.

24 GL has three matrix stacks: which are ……., ……,…… GL has three matrix stacks: Modelview – positioning things relative to other things Projection – camera transforms Texture – texture-mapping transformations

25 Define the function of glPushMatrix() and glPopMatrix() in OpenGL? If you want to make local changes that only have limited effect, you use glPushMatrix() to push a new copy of your current matrix onto the top of the stack; then you modify it freely and, when done, call glPopMatrix().

26 What is the expected output of this code ? glBegin(GL.GL_QUADS); glVertex3f(-1, -1, 0); glVertex3f( 1, -1, 0); glVertex3f( 1, 1, 0); glVertex3f(-1, 1, 0); glEnd();

27 How does OpenGL use these 3D coordinates? When OpenGL wants to draw a triangle, it converts the three vertices into pixel coordinates and draws a "2D" triangle using those coordinates. The user's "eye" is always at the origin and looking in the negative z direction.

28 What is the expected function of this code?

29 The number of samples per unit length in each direction defines the……….. The process of converting a continuous function into a series of discrete values is called ……. Reconstructing an undersampled sine wave results in a different sine wave of a lower frequency. This low- frequency version is called an ……… Sampling sample rate Alias

30 What is your analysis to the following figure ? considering an intensity function that has the similar values at two sample points P1 and P3, but between these points P2 the intensity varies significantly The result is that the reconstructed function doesn’t reproduce the original function very well (Under sampling )