After Chengzu’s death in 1424, China’s new emperor decided that foreign trade was too expensive. The rest of the world seemed to demand China’s products more than China sought theirs. The emperor and his advisors agreed that the nation's money should go to strengthening the military rather than to finance commercial voyages. China entered a period of isolation from the rest of the world.China entered a period of isolation from the rest of the world. While private merchants continued to trade along routs like the Silk Road, China never again financed large voyages like those undertaken by Zheng He.

In the early 1800’s China decided to allow trade on a limited basis. They created the Canton System. The Canton System only allowed Europeans to trade in the Chinese city of Canton. China intended to limit trade and protect the Chinese people from what they viewed as Europe’s negative influence. The Canton System allowed Europeans to bring new products from their colonies in the Western Hemisphere. These products included squash, corn, sweet potatoes and tobacco. Chinese and Indian consumers like the new products. They bought and planted many of the new foods. Meanwhile, luxury items like tobacco became very popular. The system proved profitable. Both Chinese merchants and European trades got very rich.

The Chinese smoked opium for hundreds of years before the Europeans arrived. Opium us a drug made from poppy plants. It is very strong and addictive. Today, these same opium poppies are used to make drugs like morphine (an addictive pain killer) and heroin. Originally, the Chinese used opium predominantly as a medicine. However, as its use increased, many became addicted and used it as a “recreation drug” (drug just for getting high). When Europeans arrived, they began shipping increased amounts of opium into the country. More and more people became addicted. Even after the China outlawed the product, British smugglers continued supplying it to Chinese citizens.

In the 1840’s, Great Britain and China went to war over the opium trade. Due to superior weapons, the British defeated the Chinese relatively easily. Britain's victory in the Opium War meant the end of the Canton system. It also resulted in China having to lease the port city of Hong Kong to the British.

Hong Kong was an important center of trade in Eastern Asia. Whoever controlled Hong Kong controlled much of the trade and wealth coming in and out of China. Britain used its new power to impose trade policies that allowed British traders to grow rich while China made little money. As Britain's influence increased and more opium arrived from India, China’s government grew weaker and its people poorer. Japan eventually surpassed China as the most prosperous and modern nation in Eastern Asia.

The Chinese government now only existed on paper, not in reality The foreigners could do anything they wanted to China as they only had to follow their own laws. Foreign goods were now cheaper than Chinese goods were China was carved up into spheres of influence which is where one nation claims there part of China for their special privileges.

The Chinese Republic was set up in 1911 when it got rid of the dynasty type of rule in China. The first ruler was Dr. Sun; “the Father of the Chinese Revolution” For years Dr. Sun spread the idea that the Chinese people should have a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people” In 1912, he set up the Kuomintang. Kuomintang – The movement founded by Sun Yat-Sen to make China a modern democratic republic. It is now a part of the Republic of China, located on the island of Taiwan

During the late 19 th century and into the 20 th century, China grew very unstable. Poverty and starvation led to unrest among many of China’s peasants. In 1912, a revolution replaced the emperor with a Chinese republic. China was divided from 1916 to 1926 when Chiang Kai-shek took over and united most of China. His only nemesis was Mao Zedong and the Communist

In ___________ the Chinese people revolted against the emperor that they blamed for _____________________? 1911 Not protecting them

Chinese Warlords, 1920s Yuan Shi-kai

China in 1924

Chiang Kai-shek Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928

The Long March

There was not one Long March, but several, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. The Communists, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong, escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed some 12,500 kilometers (8,000 miles) over 370 days. The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party.

Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary (Mao Tse-tung)

Survivors of the March

Mao With His Children, 1930s

Japan tries to invade China In an effort to rebuff a Japanese invasion in 1937, Chiang collaborated with Mao Zedong and his army. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the United States helped to fund Chiang and his government.

The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

The Communist Victory

Taiwan: The Republic of China

Jiang Jieshu ( ) (Chiang Kai-shek)

The People’s Republic of China

Reasons for the Communists’ Success ► Mao won support of peasants – land ► Mao won support of women ► Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics ► Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt ► Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

Great Leap Forward, 1958 ► Set up a command economy which is what? ► 5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry Communes e Groups of people who live and work together e Property held in common e Had production quotas ► Failed due to poor quality of products, poor weather hurt agriculture ► Millions of Chinese starved during this period due to improper economic planning.

Communist China Under Mao ► Industrialized China ► Increased literacy ► Class privileges ended ► Rural Chinese received health care ► One-party dictatorship ► Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954 ► Tibet --> an autonomous area. ► Tibet revolts against Chinese Government. ► Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to India.

► Communist governments officially do not allow religion for fear of rebellion.

A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS” ► Old Thoughts ► Old Culture ► Old Customs ► Old Habits To Rebel Is Good!

Communist China Under Mao ► Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society ► Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place ► Schools shut down – students revolted ► Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

The first group of people to call themselves "Red Guards" in China were a group of students at the high school attached to Tsinghua University, led by Zhang Chengzhi; they used the name to sign two big-character posters issued on 29 May and 2 June According to Zhang, the group of students originally wrote the posters as a constructive criticism towards the university administration, which was accused of harboring "intellectual elitism”. The group chose the name "The Red Guards" to create an image of a mass student movement. Soon afterwards, the news of the movements reached Mao Zedong, which organized "work teams" across schools and replaced school administrations. Zhang's group soon put up more posters calling for radical revolution, which was approved by Mao and published on the People's Daily. Soon afterwards, students all over Beijing were calling themselves "Red Guards". Many rival Red Guard groups were formed. Red Guards (1)

A Red Guard

During the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao. Many were violent and oppressive to those who went against the teachings of Mao or criticized him. The role of Red Guard was mainly to attack the "Four Olds" of society, old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs of China at the time. Red Guards in had taken to the streets from their schools. They made posters, speeches, and committed violent acts in the name of the Cultural Revolution. The Red Guards ransacked museums and destroyed old books and works of art throughout China. Many famous temples, shrines, and other heritage sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed. Red Guards (2)

Red Guards March to Canton

China under Mao Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966 as a response to threats to his power from fellow CCP members. The Cultural Revolution created chaos throughout China, creating violence and driving many people to suicide. When Mao was informed of this issue, he allegedly commented: “People who try to commit suicide—don't attempt to save them! …China is such a populous nation, it is not as if we cannot do without a few people. ” Mao declared the Cultural Revolution finished in 1969, but most historians cite Mao’s death in 1976 as the true end of the Revolution. A Cultural Revolution poster featuring Mao as the “never-setting sun.”

Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. People, not weapons, are decisive in waging war. The proletariat must forge military strategy and tactics which can bring into play its particular advantages, by unleashing and relying upon the initiative and enthusiasm of the revolutionary masses. He insisted on the need to lead the masses in carrying out revolutionary transformations and to develop these politically, economically and culturally in the service of advancing revolutionary warfare. What Mao taught… Beginnings of Cultural Revolution

Re-education was demanded to intellectuals; who finished high school education or even lower school education. They were usually sent to country side where they were educated to live as peasants or low class people. Re-education

Any books including Chinese, western or any Asian books that weren't about the communism and Mao Zedong Nor any items that was linked or related to western culture. Banned Items

Public Humiliation Trials Pull hair Force to drink water/ other liquids Kneel in broken shards of glass Have your alleged “crimes” called out to while kneeling in front of an audience Public beating Stoning Hanging

The Little Red Book (1) The Little Red Book also known as Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong ( 毛主席语录 ) has been published by the government of the People’s Republic of China since It is a collection of quotations excerpted from Mao Zedong's past speeches and publications. 900 million copies of The Little Red Book has been sold, second only to the bible which has been around much longer. It was essentially an unofficial requirement for every Chinese citizen to own, to read, and to carry it at all times during the Cultural Revolution. The punishment for failing to produce the book upon being asked would range from being beaten by Red Guards to being given years of hard-labor imprisonment. Studying the book was required in schools, as well as at workplaces. Workplaces have specified reading sessions during working hours for workers to study the book.

The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968 Mao’s Little Red Book

Propaganda Poster

Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle!

Cultural Revolution Propaganda Beat our common enemy -reformer like Liu Shao qi! Mao is great and he says revolutionary committee is good! Mao was seen like a god The posters show political adversaries crushed by giant workers. The smiling image of Mao overshadows all, hovering above crowds carrying red flags and Little Red Books. Hundreds of thousands of copies of posters were distributed.

Deng Xiaoping ( )

De-Maoization ► Agriculture ► Industry ► Science ► Defense ► Agriculture ► Industry ► Science ► Defense “The 4 Modernizations” Progress in: Class struggle was no longer the central focus!

Gap Between Rich & Poor Deng: If you open a window, some flies naturally get in!

Tiananmen Square, 1989 More democracy!

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Democracy—Our Common Ideal!

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The “Goddess of Democracy”

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Government Clamps Down

Tiananmen Square, 1989 One Lone Man’s Protest

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Army Looks for Dissidents

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student Leaders Are Arrested

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Reestablishment of Order

China Today

Agriculture More people work as farmers than any other job in China. With only 10% of their land being arable, they are still the leading producers of rice, corn, wheat and potatoes.

Economic Boom China has seen a huge pay-off in allowing foreign investment and companies to enter the country.

Good Economics = ? Many young farmers are moving to the cities to find work. Increase in urbanization, and pollution. Government still controls many aspects of peoples lives. Number of children, access to internet, newspapers, television.

China’s Environment Industrialization and urbanization is causing major pollution problems. With all of the building, the Chinese have been cutting their forest without planting new trees They burn coal to supply electricity trying to switch over to hydropower by building the Three Gorge Dam on the Yangtze River. The dam will be the largest hydropower station and dam in the world, with a 1.2 mile stretch of concrete and a 370 mile-long reservoir. It will produce as much power as 15 coal burning plants.