The Atlantic World The conditions that led to American Exploration

Our Goals this Week Trace life in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans and Africans Trace life in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans and Africans Evaluate European explorations of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries and the impact of the first contacts between Americans and Europeans. Evaluate European explorations of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries and the impact of the first contacts between Americans and Europeans.

The Native American World

Settlement Historians and anthropologists agree that the Native Americans came from Asia. Historians and anthropologists agree that the Native Americans came from Asia. Most believe they crossed a land bridge in the Bering Strait. Most believe they crossed a land bridge in the Bering Strait.

Life for Early Americans Each Group Adapted to their Environment North Inuit, North Inuit, Aleut (hunter gatherers) Aleut (hunter gatherers) Koyukon and Ingalik (nomadic) Koyukon and Ingalik (nomadic) Northwest Coast Northwest Coast Coos, Makah (fishermen) Coos, Makah (fishermen)

California California Chumash, Yurok Chumash, Yurok Fishermen, hunter-gatherers Fishermen, hunter-gatherers The Plateau (b/w the Cascades and the Rockies) The Plateau (b/w the Cascades and the Rockies) Chinook, Cayuse Chinook, Cayuse Fishermen, hunter-gatherers Fishermen, hunter-gatherers The Great Basin (b/w the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada) The Great Basin (b/w the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada) Paiute, Ute, Shoshoni Paiute, Ute, Shoshoni Hunter-gatherers Hunter-gatherers

The Southwest (Very dry) The Southwest (Very dry) Hopi and Zuni--farmers Hopi and Zuni--farmers Apache--nomadic Apache--nomadic Anasazi--lived in cliff apartments Anasazi--lived in cliff apartments The Plains (well watered) The Plains (well watered) Mandans, Wichita, and Pawnee--farmers, hunters Mandans, Wichita, and Pawnee--farmers, hunters The Northeast (forests, well watered) The Northeast (forests, well watered) Seneca, Lenape, Iroquois--hunter gatherers, fishermen Seneca, Lenape, Iroquois--hunter gatherers, fishermen

The Southeast (forests, swamps, sea coast) The Southeast (forests, swamps, sea coast) Hopewell, Cahokia, Natchez, Creek, Cherokee Hopewell, Cahokia, Natchez, Creek, Cherokee Hunter-gatherers, fishermen, farmers Hunter-gatherers, fishermen, farmers

Native American Culture Social Structure Social Structure Societies were structured based on family relationships (kinship, clans, tribes). Societies were structured based on family relationships (kinship, clans, tribes). Religion Religion very ritualistic very ritualistic believed in spiritual forces of nature believed in spiritual forces of nature Oral History Oral History Used to preserve cultural traditions. Used to preserve cultural traditions.

Trade Trade Based on the barter system Based on the barter system Trade routes connected most of the tribes in America Trade routes connected most of the tribes in America Importance of Land Importance of Land Believed that land could not be owned, therefore it was never traded. Believed that land could not be owned, therefore it was never traded.

The European World

Early Middle Ages ( ) Invasions Invasions Germanic, Viking, and Asian invaders tore across Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. Germanic, Viking, and Asian invaders tore across Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. Feudalism Feudalism Political and Economic System Political and Economic System Land owned by nobles or lords was divided among lesser nobles for loyalty. Land owned by nobles or lords was divided among lesser nobles for loyalty. Serfs farmed the manors (estate of a Lord) Serfs farmed the manors (estate of a Lord) Serfs were tied to the land. Serfs were tied to the land.

Religion Religion The Catholic Church dominated Europe The Catholic Church dominated Europe Clergymen were powerful and well educated. Clergymen were powerful and well educated.

Late Middle Ages ( ) Europe’s economy began to boom and this growth changed the feudal system. Crusades Crusades 1096 to 1204 AD the Church organized a series of military campaigns to free Jerusalem from the control of the Muslim Turks to 1204 AD the Church organized a series of military campaigns to free Jerusalem from the control of the Muslim Turks. The Crusades ultimately failed. The Crusades ultimately failed. The Crusades did open Europe to the outside world and a new era of trade with Asia began. The Crusades did open Europe to the outside world and a new era of trade with Asia began.

Urban Growth Urban Growth Cities and Trade Grew in Europe Cities and Trade Grew in Europe Effects: Effects: A new middle class emerged A new middle class emerged The money economy was revived The money economy was revived Contributed to the fall of feudalism Contributed to the fall of feudalism

Rise of Monarchs Rise of Monarchs Increased wealth increased the power of the monarchs. Increased wealth increased the power of the monarchs. Monarchs and nobles began to clash Monarchs and nobles began to clash 1215 King John I signed the Magna Carta or “Great Charter” granting nobles various legal rights King John I signed the Magna Carta or “Great Charter” granting nobles various legal rights. As the power of monarchs increased, papal power decreased As the power of monarchs increased, papal power decreased

Universities Universities Monarchs began them to train government officials and church officials. Monarchs began them to train government officials and church officials. The “Black Death” The “Black Death” Arose in the 1300s. Arose in the 1300s. Carried by fleas on rats Carried by fleas on rats Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population. Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population. Resulted in starvation, riots, and economic collapse Resulted in starvation, riots, and economic collapse

The Renaissance “Rebirth” Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance Began in Florence, Italy Began in Florence, Italy Pursuit of Learning Pursuit of Learning Every subject--art, lit., science, philosophy, economics, political thought. Every subject--art, lit., science, philosophy, economics, political thought. Involved the revival of the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Involved the revival of the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Began to use reason and experimentation to understand the world Began to use reason and experimentation to understand the world Core Philosophy was humanism Core Philosophy was humanism

Prominent figures: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello Prominent figures: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello Financially supported by Patrons from the merchant class. (Medici family of Florence is the most famous) Financially supported by Patrons from the merchant class. (Medici family of Florence is the most famous)

Michelangelo ( )

Leonardo da Vinci

Donatello

Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance Refers to the late 1500s when the Renaissance spread to the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Spain, England and Germany. Refers to the late 1500s when the Renaissance spread to the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Spain, England and Germany. Prominent figure: William Shakespeare Prominent figure: William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare

Printing Press Printing Press Invented in 1456 by a German named Johann Gutenberg to print Bibles. Invented in 1456 by a German named Johann Gutenberg to print Bibles. Used movable type Used movable type Revolutionized the spread of information Revolutionized the spread of information

Johann Gutenberg

The Reformation The Reformation Started by Martin Luther in 1517 with the nailing of the 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg Castle in Germany Started by Martin Luther in 1517 with the nailing of the 95 theses to the church door at Wittenberg Castle in Germany Was an effort to reform the Catholic Church Was an effort to reform the Catholic Church Resulted in a split and the creation of the Protestant Church Resulted in a split and the creation of the Protestant Church

Martin Luther

Rise of Nations Rise of Nations With increased power, monarchs began to combine lands into larger nations. With increased power, monarchs began to combine lands into larger nations. Seafaring Technology Seafaring Technology Renaissance scientists developed the compass (direction) and the astrolabe and the quadrant (position without seeing land). Renaissance scientists developed the compass (direction) and the astrolabe and the quadrant (position without seeing land). Long distance travel now became possible Long distance travel now became possible

Portuguese Dominate the Seas Portuguese Dominate the Seas Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator Developed the Caravel (ship that could also sail against the wind) Developed the Caravel (ship that could also sail against the wind) Bartholomew Dias--sailed around southern tip of Africa Bartholomew Dias--sailed around southern tip of Africa Vasco da Gama--sailed from Portugal to India (first trade route by sea) Vasco da Gama--sailed from Portugal to India (first trade route by sea) Competition among the European powers ensued Competition among the European powers ensued

Bartholomew Dias

Vasco da Gama

West African World

Contact with Europeans During the Middle Ages contact between Europeans and Africans had ceased. During the Middle Ages contact between Europeans and Africans had ceased. During the Renaissance contact resumed as Europeans traded gold for salt. During the Renaissance contact resumed as Europeans traded gold for salt.

West African Culture Geography influenced survival Geography influenced survival Rainforests Rainforests Hunted fished mined and farmed Hunted fished mined and farmed Savanna Savanna Limited farming, hunting, domesticated animals, mining, trading Limited farming, hunting, domesticated animals, mining, trading Desert Desert Lived around oases Lived around oases Groups traversed the desert to trade with North Africa Groups traversed the desert to trade with North Africa

Family Family Society was organized according to kinship. Society was organized according to kinship. Religion Religion Polytheistic Polytheistic Worshipped a supreme god and several lesser gods. Worshipped a supreme god and several lesser gods.

Kingdoms and Trade Benin Benin Coastal Forest kingdom Coastal Forest kingdom Traded palm oil, ivory, and exotic woods. Traded palm oil, ivory, and exotic woods. Songhai Songhai Savanna kingdom Savanna kingdom Most famous king--Askia Muhammad. He made it a muslim empire. Most famous king--Askia Muhammad. He made it a muslim empire.

Slavery in Africa Slavery existed in Africa. Slavery existed in Africa. Slaves were usually: Slaves were usually: Captured in war Captured in war Treated as family Treated as family Allowed to move up in society Allowed to move up in society

The Beginning of the Atlantic World

The Voyage of Columbus European competition on the seas and for trade with Asia grew. European competition on the seas and for trade with Asia grew. Christopher Columbus sought to find a westward sea route to the Indies (Asia). Christopher Columbus sought to find a westward sea route to the Indies (Asia). In January of 1492 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain agreed to sponsor his voyage. In January of 1492 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain agreed to sponsor his voyage.

Christopher Columbus

Reasons for Voyage Reasons for Voyage Columbus hoped to enrich his family and gain honor and fame. Columbus hoped to enrich his family and gain honor and fame. Spread Catholicism Spread Catholicism Spain’s rivalry with Portugal Spain’s rivalry with Portugal The Voyage The Voyage August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail. August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail. His three ships were the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria. His three ships were the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria. On October 12, 1492, he found land, but it was not the Indies. He’d discovered America. On October 12, 1492, he found land, but it was not the Indies. He’d discovered America.

Native Americans Native Americans Columbus met friendly natives when he first arrived. Columbus met friendly natives when he first arrived. He called them Indians, believing he was in the Indies. He called them Indians, believing he was in the Indies.

Later Voyages Later Voyages Columbus returned home and was greatly honored. Columbus returned home and was greatly honored. He continued to make voyages to the lands he’d found He continued to make voyages to the lands he’d found

A New World A New World 1499 Amerigo Vespucci sailed to the Caribbean Amerigo Vespucci sailed to the Caribbean. He recognized that these lands were a new continent unknown to Europe; a New World. He recognized that these lands were a new continent unknown to Europe; a New World. America is named after him. America is named after him.

Amerigo Vespucci

The Impact of Columbus The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange Europeans began to trade new goods from the Americas with Africans and Asians Europeans began to trade new goods from the Americas with Africans and Asians Peanuts, pineapples, tomatoes, cocoa, potatoes Peanuts, pineapples, tomatoes, cocoa, potatoes Europeans also brought goods to the new world. Europeans also brought goods to the new world. Devastation of Native Americans Devastation of Native Americans Many died of new diseases brought by the Europeans Many died of new diseases brought by the Europeans Smallpox, typhus, measles, etc.. Smallpox, typhus, measles, etc..

Europeans become wealthy Europeans become wealthy Rivalry for riches and goods in the new world increased, especially between Portugal and Spain. Rivalry for riches and goods in the new world increased, especially between Portugal and Spain. Within a hundred years of the voyage of Columbus the amount of gold and silver in Europe’s economy increased eight times over. Within a hundred years of the voyage of Columbus the amount of gold and silver in Europe’s economy increased eight times over.

Slavery Slavery To supply new American foods to Europe plantations were established and slaves were brought from Africa to work them. To supply new American foods to Europe plantations were established and slaves were brought from Africa to work them million Africans were captured or sold into slavery million Africans were captured or sold into slavery.

New Culture New Culture As Europeans settled the New World they established a new culture that blended their old ways with the ways of the Native Americans. As Europeans settled the New World they established a new culture that blended their old ways with the ways of the Native Americans.