Gene Regulation Packet #46 Chapter #19.

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Presentation transcript:

Gene Regulation Packet #46 Chapter #19

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Gene regulation is different in prokaryotic cells in comparison to eukaryotic cells. Why different? Bacterial cells grow rapidly and have a relatively short life span Eukaryotic have a long life span and because of that, they have the ability to respond to many different stimuli Single gene is regulated in different ways in different cell types Although transcriptional-level control is important, control at other levels of gene expression is also important

Transcriptional Regulation Prokaryotes—Operon An operon is a genetic regulatory system found in prokaryotes and the bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) that attack bacteria. A segment of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter and structural genes that code for specific proteins.

Operon Operons operate in response to repressor proteins. If the repressor protein binds to the operator sequence , it prevents transcription. Even though RNA polymerase may be bound to the promoter, RNA polymerase is blocked from transcribing he structural genes When repressor is not bound, transcription proceeds

Inducible Operon Lac Operon

Inducible Operon An inducible operon is one that is normally turned off Repressor protein is synthesized in an active form. Repressor binds onto operator. This causes the operon to be turned off.

The Lac Operon The lac operon is a type of inducible operon.

The Lac Operon If lactose is present, it binds onto the repressor at an allosteric site. Repressor changes shape. Repressor cannot bind on operator. The operon is transcribed.

The Lac Operon The proteins (enzymes), ultimately produced from the turning on of the lac operon, are used to break down lactose.

Repressible Operon TRP operon

Repressible Operon A repressible operon that is normally turned on. Repressor protein is synthesized in an inactive form The repressor cannot bind on the operator.

Trp Operon The end product acts as a corepressor. When levels are high, corepressor binds at the allosteric site of the repressor.

Trp Operon Repressor changes shape Repressor binds on the operator Transcription ends.

Constitutive Genes

Constitutive Genes These genes are neither repressible, nor inducible, but are active all times. Housekeeping gene

Constitutive Genes II Constitutive genes produce CAP (catabolite activator protein). CAP recognizes and binds to specific sequences of DNA. Constitutive genes are controlled by the efficiency of RNA polymerase.

Transcription Factors

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Already covered in the transcription packet.

Review

Gene Regulators Operon Constitutive genes Transcription factors

Homework Definitions Posttranscriptional controls DNA methylation Gene amplification Differential mRNA processing