Review Topics: Week 4 – Verbs Subjunctives of the Present System, both Active and Passive; and Participles

The Subjunctive The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is “unreality” and potentiality. i.e., the “coulda, shoulda, woulda” of Latin. The Subjunctive exists in only 4 tenses: Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential or unreal actions are, by nature, in the future. Therefore, no future tenses are necessary. For now, we’ll review the subjunctives in the present system, i.e., just the present and imperfect tenses! 2

Forming the Subjunctive In English, we form the subjunctive by using a number of auxiliary helping verbs, like: were, would, may, might, should, may have, could have, etc. The Subjunctive in Latin can be identified by a change in the formation of verbs, usually a change to the verb stem. In the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in the stem vowel of the verb. Some really good news: The same personal endings are used when conjugating the subjunctive! (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) for active (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur) for passive

Forming the Present Subjunctive The changes in the stem vowels of the present subjunctive are the following: 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia 3rd conjugation: e --> a 1st conjugation: ā --> e A helpful way to remember how the vowels shift is with the mnemonic: We Fear a Liar OR We eat all Friars

The Subjunctive, Conjugated—Present Active Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere Laudem Laudēs Laudet Laudēmus Laudētis Laudent Moneam Moneās Moneat Moneāmus Moneātis Moneant Agam Agās Agat Agāmus Agātis Agant Audiam Audiās Audiat Audiāmus Audiātis Audiant Capiam Capiās Capiat Capiāmus Capiātis Capiant Remember: We Fear all Liars!

The Subjunctive, Conjugated—Present Passive Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere Lauder Laudēris Laudetur Laudēmur Laudēminī Laudentur Agar Agāris Agatur Agāmur Agāminī Agantur Monear Moneāris Moneatur Moneāmur Moneāminī Moneantur Audiar Audiāris Audiatur Audiāmur Audiāminī Audiantur Capiar Capiāris Capiatur Capiāmur Capiāminī Capiantur Remember: We Fear all Liars!

The Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is even easier to form than the present subjunctive. It combines the second principal part (pres. Act. inf.) and the present personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) or (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur) Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive Ago, agere  3rd person sing. impf. act. subj. Agere + t = Ageret

Imperfect Active Subjunctive Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere Laudārem Laudārēs Laudāret Laudārēmus Laudārētis Laudārent Monērem Monērēs Monēret Monērēmus Monērētis Monērent Agerem Agerēs Ageret Agerēmus Agerētis Agerent Audīrem Audīrēs Audīret Audīrēmus Audīrētis Audīrent Caperem Caperēs Caperet Caperēmus Caperētis Caperent Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive

Imperfect Passive Subjunctive Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Capio, -ere Laudārer Laudārēris Laudārētur Laudārēmur Laudārēmini Laudārentur Monērer Monērēris Monērētur Monērēmur Monērēmini Monērentur Agerer Agerēris Agerētur Agerēmur Agerēmini Agerentur Audīrer Audīrēris Audīrētur Audīrēmur Audīrēmini Audīrentur Caperer Caperēris Caperētur Caperēmur Caperēmini Caperentur Remember: Infinitive + ending = Imperfect Subjunctive

And the Subjunctive of sum, esse The present subjunctive of sum, like all present subjunctives, changes its stem vowel, so the stem becomes: si- The imperfect subj. of sum forms as expected: inf. + ending PRESENT sim sīs sit sīmus sītis sint IMPERFECT essem essēs esset essēmus essētis essent

Pres. And Impf. Subj. of possum, posse As always, just add the prefix pot- to the corresponding forms of sum, esse to conjugate possum, posse (And allow for assimilation of the t, where necessary). PRESENT possim possīs possit possīmus possītis possint IMPERFECT possem possēs posset possēmus possētis possent

Basic Participle Info Participles are, by definition, verbal ADJECTIVES, so they are part verb and part adjective. They have the tense and voice of verbs (but not person or mood!) and the gender, number, and case of adjectives. The tense of a participle always conveys time relative to the time of the main verb. Participles exist in the present, perfect, and future tenses only. As a verbal thing, participles can take direct objects (if they are active), agents (if they are passive), or other constructions as needed (such as an indirect objects, etc.) As an adjective, participles will agree with the noun they modify in case, number, and gender; they can also function as substantives, if needed.

The Participle Box To help you remember participles, consider the following “participle box” – allowing you to learn the form for each tense and voice of the participle. Active Passive Present 1 xxxxxx Perfect 2 Future 3 4

The Present Active Participle To form the Present Active Participle, simply take the Present Stem (root + theme vowel) of a verb and add “-ns, -ntis”. A good way to remember this is the word “present” Two quick notes, however: (1) As we have seen before, the 3rd-io conjugation will present an “i” at the ends of verbs in the present system. (2) Since Latin hates the “int” sound, the Romans inserted an “e” between the “i” stem vowel and the participial endings in the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations: “-iens, -ientis” The present active participle declines like a (1-Termination) 3rd Declension adjective! (see potens, potentis, for example)

Present Active Participle Pres. Act. Ppl. = Present Stem + -ns, -ntis amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amāns, -ntis habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habēns, -ntis ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducēns, -ntis faciō, facere, fecī, factum = faciēns, -ntis audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = audiēns, -ntis All present active participles are translated: “__(verb)__ing”

The Perfect Passive Participle Probably the most common Participle in Latin is the Perfect Passive Participle. The Fourth Principle Part of each verb is also called the “participial stem” because it simply is the perfect passive participle. To form the Perfect Passive Participle, then, simply use the Fourth Principle Part and add 2-1-2 adjective endings to it, i.e., decline it like a 1st/2nd declension adjective.

The Perfect Passive Participle Pf. Pass. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th princ. part) + 2/1/2 endings amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum = amātus, -a, -um habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habitus, -a, -um ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ductus, -a, -um faciō, facere, fecī, factum = factus, -a, -um audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum = audītus, -a, -um All perfect passive participles are translated: “having been _(verb)_ed”

The Future Active Participle To form the Future Active Participle, simply take the Participial Stem (Fourth Principle Part) from a verb, insert “-ur-” as a future marker, and add 2/1/2 adj. endings. Or you can simply think of it as adding “-urus, -ura, -urum” onto the ppl. stem. A good way to remember this is the word “future”.

The Future Active Participle Fut. Act. Ppl. = Ppl. Stem (4th pp.) + “-ur-” + 2/1/2 endings amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum = amāturus, -a, -um habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habiturus, -a, -um ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducturus, -a, -um faciō, facere, fecī, factum = facturus, -a, -um audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum = audīturus, -a, -um All future active participles are translated: “about to _(verb)_”

The Future Passive Participle The last participle to learn (the future passive participle) is not often used in Latin as a participle in the strictest sense. It is also called the Gerundive and is often used as a method of expressing obligation or necessity in Latin. To form the future passive ppl., simply take the present stem from a verb and insert the infix “-nd-” before adding 2/1/2 adj. endings; or you can just think of it as adding: “ndus, a, um” onto the present stem. Again, as with the Present Active Participle, verbs of the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations have an ‘i’ at the end of the stem, so insert an “e”, yielding: “iendus, a, um” A good way to remember the ending is from the word gerundive or the words: Amanda, Miranda, and agenda.

Future Passive Participle Fut. Pass. Ppl. = Present Stem + “-nd-” + 2/1/2 adj. endings amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amandus, -a, -um habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habendus, -a, -um ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducendus, -a, -um faciō, facere, fecī, factum = faciendus, -a, -u,m audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = audiendus, -a, -um Future passive participles can be translated: “about to be _(verb)_ed” or “ought to be _(verb)_ed”

The Participle Box Now you can fill in each square of the participle box for a given verb: e.g., amō, amāre, amavī, amātus Active Passive Present amāns, ntis XXXXXX Past (Perfect) amātus, a, um Future amāturus, -ura, -urum amandus, a, um