East & Southeast Asia

Review of South Asia Name the 7 countries of South Asia. Why is the Ganges River important? What are the main religions of South Asia? What effect do the Himalayas have on South Asia? october /malala-yousafzai

Mountains & Plateaus East Asia : China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea & Taiwan High mountains limited China’s contact with India Subcontinent nations Himalayas, Kunlun Mountains Mountainous area includes some sparsely populated basins, deserts Plateau of Tibet (Xizang Plateau) Gobi Desert - stretches from northwest China into Mongolia

Topography & Population

Rivers Huang He - Yellow River Northern China river, empties into Yellow Sea named for yellow silt the river carries known as “China’s Sorrow” due to destructive flooding

Rivers Chang Jiang - Yangtze River - longest river in Asia, name means “long river” major trade route; floods often causing great damage 3 Gorges Dam – located on the Chang Jiang/ Yangtze River

Rivers Mekong River: Starts in Tibetan Plateau Flows through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia & Vietnam

Climate & Vegetation East Asia Climate dry highland climate in the west humid climate in the east. Desert Most deserts are in west central mainland Taklimakan Desert—in west China, between Tian Shan, Kunlun mountains Gobi Desert—in north China, southeast Mongolia Tropical Zones High temperatures, heavy rainfall, high humidity all year

Human Geography China acts as a cultural hearth in East Asia. China has influenced the culture of most nations in region And has controlled most of them at one time or another Japan was never conquered, but was influenced

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia: Myanmar Thailand Laos Vietnam Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Philippines

China China: world’s most populous country dominant culture of East Asia since ancient times. Early Civilization and the Dynasties Oldest continuous civilization; a settled society for 4,000 years ago Dynasty — series of rulers from same family Europeans Arrive China is isolated until Europeans, like Marco Polo, arrive in 1200s In 1800s, European powers seek access to Chinese markets Treaties force weak China to give Europeans privileges ____spheres of influence____—territory awarded to European nations, Japan Chinese anger over outside control leads to 1900 Boxer Rebellion Chinese militants kill Europeans, Chinese Christians

Government in China Revolution and Change In 1912 Sun Yat-sen helps found Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) Chinese Communist Party fights, defeats Nationalists, in 1949 ___Mao Zedong___________ rules mainland People’s Republic Chiang Kai-shek, Nationalists flee to Taiwan Moderate Deng Xiaoping rules China from 1976 through 1980s

Economy The Industrial Economy World’s second largest economy overall & until recently the fastest growing. Industry accounts for over 70% of the GDP and employs slightly less than 30% of the population. Construction, manufacturing, power production and natural resources of coal, iron ore, oil, are largest industrial sectors. Agricultural Economy Previously – A Rural Economy, agriculturally self-sufficient, river valleys have rich soil but only 13% of land is arable. Many mountains, deserts

Religions

Today - Governed by atheist Communist Party, but five religions are recognized Buddhism came to China 2,000 years ago – gradually widely accepted by most Chinese. Today about 30% identify as Buddhist. Other major religions: Taoism, Confucianism, Islam and Christianity. ■ Chinese traditional religions: includes worship of gods and ancestors, Confucianism and Taoism ■ Buddhism ■ Islam ■ Ethnic minorities' indigenous religions ■ Mongolian folk religion ■ Northeast China folk religion, Tungus and Manchu shamanismChinese traditional religionsBuddhismIslamEthnic minorities' indigenous religionsMongolian folk religionNortheast China folk religionManchu shamanism

Religions Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 B.C.) inspires _____Confucianism________________ orderly, educated society has respect for past, ancestors children obey parents; parents obey government, emperor ____Taoism________—from Tao-te Ching book of Lao- tzu teachings (500s B.C.) preserve, restore harmony in individual, universe Indian ___Buddhism_____________ grows in China, influenced by Confucianism, Taoism

Population One-fifth of world’s people live in China Population: about 1.37 billion One- Child Policy- attempt to control the population Many of China’s 22 provinces are bigger than most countries Henan province has 93 million, more than Great Britain 70% of people live in 12 eastern provinces; in the west, 6% of nation’s people live on 55% of its land

Mongolia Mongols are nomadic herders until _______Genghis Khan___________ conquers Central Asia Genghis Khan dies in 1227; successors expand empire Empire breaks up in 1300s, China gains control of Mongolia in 1600s Mongols adopt many aspects of Chinese culture Mongolians achieve independence in 1911 Mongolia becomes Communist in 1924 remains Communist until 1989 fall of USSR

Mongolia Mongolia Today - moving toward: democracy & market economy Many herd, manage livestock (sheep, goats, camels, horses, cattle) even today cashmere industry uses soft wool of local goats Nomads once guided animals from grassland to grassland Still some nomads today long, cold winters, short, hot summers are hard on livestock Nomads live in tents called yurts, made of felt, leather yurts are even found in capital of Ulaanbaatar

Taiwan Prehistoric people migrate from China & southeast Asia Manchu Dynasty conquers Taiwan in 1683 Japanese take Taiwan (Formosa) in 1895 after victory over China Chinese Nationalists lose to Communists, flee to island in 1949 establish People’s Republic of China not recognized by China Population and culture is almost exclusively Chinese Most speak official language of Northern Chinese Mandarin People combine religious & ethical beliefs 90% practice blend of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism

Taiwan Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea are Asian Tigers, nations with: cheap labor, high technology, aggressive exports

North & South Korea The Korean peninsula: divided into two separate countries. Ancient Korea and Foreign Influences: China conquers northern peninsula around 100 B.C. Koreans regain land, Form Three Kingdoms in late 300s Koguryo (northeast), Paekche (southwest), Silla (southeast) Japan conquers Korea in 1910 rules until WWII defeat in 1945

North & South Korea Korean War: North Korean troops invade South Korea 1953 treaty ends war, divides peninsula North Korea is a Communist state, South Korea is democracy two nations remain hostile reunification discussions occur at times The Chinese Influence Korea adopts many philosophical, religious ideas from China Confucian, Buddhist influences

North & South Korea Other Cultural Influences Communism molds North Korean culture, while South Korea is influenced by Western culture North Korean government only allows Communist or folk art South Korean artists have more freedom of expression An Armed Society Both build huge armies after WWII Danger of war always looms - 2 million troops on both sides of border Economic Patterns South Korea is economic tiger with successful, competitive economy Population Patterns Most live on coastal plains, river valleys South Korea: 45% of peninsula’s land, 66% of population South’s largest city is Seoul (population 10 million) North’s is Pyongyang (population 2.5 million)

Japan ancient culture and traditions economic giant of East Asia – now overtaken by China Samurai and Shogun Until A.D. 300s, Japan has many clans, but Yamato clan rules by 400s by 600, Yamato leaders call themselves emperors of Japan ___Samurai_____-—“one who guards”; hired soldiers serve landowners, chiefs The Shoguns In 1192, after a clan struggle, emperor creates shogun position ____Shogun______—general of emperor’s army military dictator powers controls officials, judges, armies; picks governors (daimyo) During 700-year shogun rule, Japan fights off Mongol invasions Last shogun resigns in 1868; Emperor becomes head of government

Japan Emerging World Power Early 20th century: Japan is major power Expanding empire puts Japan’s interests in conflict with U.S. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, naval base December 7, 1941 attack brings U.S. into WWII; Japan defeated, surrenders in 1945 U.S. occupies Japan; brings political, economic reforms Japan becomes democracy constitutional monarchy with emperor and elected parliament

Japan Post-war economic boom makes Japan’s economy second only in size to U.S. --until recently Japan imports resources to manufacture products for export exports autos, electronics, computers Economic Slowdown After four decades of rapid growth, economy slows in 1990s Reasons for slowdown regional competition (Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong) Japanese stock market has big losses Japanese investments in SE Asian economies lose value Japanese save rather than spend declining exports

Japan Japanese Culture A Traditional People Kyoto: beauty in gardens, palaces, Buddhist temples Noh - plays in 1600s have colorful scenery, costumes Education Highly structured educational system students in school six days a week; six weeks of summer vacation six years of elementary, three of junior high, three of high school

Japan The issues facing East Asian nations include earthquakes, economic recessions, growing populations, and rapidly changing societies. The Ring of Fire Because of its location, Japan has faced disastrous earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. Shifting Plates Many Japanese cities are threatened by earthquakes Japan is on the __Ring of Fire____—chain of volcanoes around Pacific Rim In East Asia, Pacific oceanic plate meets Eurasian continental plate stress builds where plates meet; sudden slip creates earthquake

Japan ___Volcanoes________ formed Japanese islands Since first records, at least 60 Japanese volcanoes have been active best-known Japanese landform, Mt. Fuji, is a volcano Earthquakes and Tsunamis An average of 1,000 earthquakes occur in Japan each year Underwater earthquakes move ocean floor; can create tsunami huge wave of great destructive power that can reach over 100 feet Solutions Japan has strict building code engineers study how different buildings withstand quakes studies affect codes governing construction materials, techniques Schoolchildren have yearly ___disaster______ with firemen

Japan Trade and Prosperity East Asian economies became global powerhouses in the 1970s and 1980s. Decline of Asian economies in the 1990s created a crisis spreads around the globe. Industrialization and Globalization After WWII, nations industrialize, East-West trade increases “Made in China,” “Made in Japan” labels are common in West Regional economies merge, global economy develops global economy - nations are interdependent for goods, services

Philippines