Chapter 3 Culture

Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion Subjective Feelings Behavior (facial expressions, vocalizations) Eliciting Events Cognitive Appraisals (morality, causality, novelty) Physiology Gender and Cultural Differences Video: Culture and Emotion 2© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

In-Class Exercise #2 Name, username, date Number paper from 1 to 2 3© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Masuda et al., 2005) 1 Low Sadness 5 High Sadness 1 Low Happiness 5 High Happiness Central Figure: How Positive? How Negative? 4© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Masuda et al., 2005) #1 5© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

#2 (Masuda et al., 2005) 6© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Culture “A group-specific practice that emerged from the interaction between a group and its environment.” Social Constructivist – cultural differences exist! Basic Emotions – no cultural differences! Snow Monkey (Japanese Macaque) (Schirmer, 2015, p.357) 7© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

3 Ways to Measure Culture Individualism/Collectivism ( Markus & Kitayama, 1991) Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996) Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology 8© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

9 I often do "my own thing" The well-being of my coworkers is important to me. One should live one's life independently of others. If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud. I like my privacy. If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within my means. I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood10 I often do "my own thing" The well-being of my coworkers is important to me. One should live one's life independently of others. If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud. I like my privacy. If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within my means. I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) CollectivismIndividualism “Individual Uniqueness” Equality “Interdependence” Hierarchy; Status 11© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) CollectivismIndividualism “Individual Uniqueness” “Interdependence” China, Japan America, Western Europe Japanese American, Chinese American 12© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

SELF MOTHER FATHER BROTHER FRIEND SISTER ROMANTIC PARTNER 13© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

SELF MOTHER FATHER BROTHER FRIEND SISTER ROMANTIC PARTNER 14© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996) Vertical Society Horizontal Society High social hierarchy Low social hierarchy 15© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996) Vertical Society Horizontal Society High social hierarchy Low social hierarchy AmericaJapan Philippines Guatemala Malaysia Austria Israel Denmark 16© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood United Kingdom High PD Low PD

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology Linear Epistemology: Aristotle Goal = Happiness; optimize positive feelings Dialectical Epistemology: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism Goal = Moderation; balance b/w positive and negative feelings 17© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Religious Basis for Dialecticism Daoism = “happiness is unhappiness” Buddhism = pursuing happiness/rewards interferes with individual’s ability to resist desire Confucianism = pursuit of happiness disrupts group harmony because it makes other in-group members jealous 18© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Happiness for winning an award Quickly turns to Shame for making other group members feel bad 19© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Emotions and Language 20© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Think about a time when you felt joyful because of someone else’s misery. What would you label this emotion? 21© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Looking to language for cultural differences in emotion We only have experiences and thoughts that are represented by our words. We experience only the emotions for which we have words in a language Implications (Sapir, 1921; Whorf, 1956) 22© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Evidence Against Sapir-Whorf Does the underlying structure (i.e., valence, activation) of emotions differ across culture? Sample 1: Estonia, Greek, Polish Ps rated similarity of pairs of emotions Sample 2: Chinese living in Canada and Hong Kong; Greek Emotions mapped onto circumplex model Cross-cultural similarity of emotional experience 23© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences in Emotion Components © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood24

Cultural Differences in Emotion Components Subjective Feelings Behavior – Facial Expressions, Vocalizations Eliciting Events Cognitive Appraisals Physiological Responses 25© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Subjective Feelings Socially Disengaged Emotions: Ego-Focused Emotions Anger, Pride Socially Engaged Emotions: Other-Focused Emotions Guilt, Friendliness, Shame Diary Study: Japanese vs. American university students Engaging = Guilt, Friendliness; Disengaging = Anger, Pride (Kitayama et al., 2004) 26© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Kitayama et al., 2004) 27© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Kitayama et al., 2004) 28© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Kitayama et al., 2004) 29© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Kitayama et al., 2004) 30© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Subjective Feelings Dialectical cultures more likely to experience mixed emotions Evidence: East Asia > Asian-Americans > Americans (Scollon et al., 2004; Perunovic et al., 2007; Shiota et al., 2010) 31© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Facial Expressions IV = Japanese vs. American Participants IV = 1) Central figure expression matches crowd or 2) Central figure expression does not match crowd DV = Participants perceived intensity of emotion felt by central figure (Masuda et al., 2005) 32© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions (Masuda et al., 2005) 33© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions (Masuda et al., 2005) 34© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

35 I often do "my own thing" The well-being of my coworkers is important to me. One should live one's life independently of others. If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud. I like my privacy. If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within my means. I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

36© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

37© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

(Masuda et al., 2005) 38© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions Eye Gaze Patterns: Caucasian vs. Asians Surprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger Face Areas: Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth (Jack et al., 2009) 39© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(SR = Same Race; OR = Other Race; Jack et al., 2009) WC = Western Cultures EA = East Asian Cultures 40© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth

(Jack et al., 2009) 41© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood Greatest Focus, Smallest Focus

Cultural Differences in Display Rules (expressions) Japanese (vs. Americans) More likely to mask negative feelings in front of other people. More appropriate to express anger to out-groups Americans (vs. Japanese): More appropriate to express disgust and sadness to in- group and happiness to public : (Ekman, 1972; Friesen, 1972; Matsumoto, 1990) 42© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Vocalizations European English and Himba tribe in Namibia Listened to emotional story, then selected 1 of 2 vocalizations that matched the emotion in story Basic Emotions: English and Himba selected correct vocalizations Did not vary with voice – whether English or Himba More difficulty with positive emotions © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 43 [Sauter, D.A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S.K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 107, doi: /pnas ].

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood44

Physiology © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood45

Eliciting Event Same Event → Different Emotions Navajo Indians vs. Americans Different Events → Same Emotion Utko Eskimos vs. Americans 46© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Antecedents and Cognitive Appraisals Individualist → Appraisal of the self Collectivist → Appraisal of the group OR the self Example: Shame, guilt, pride 47© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences in Appraisals: Three Examples Appraisals determine type and strength of emotion elicited Novelty: Is the event familiar or unfamiliar (novel)? Causality: Did I cause this emotion? Someone else? Situation? Morality: Is the event moral or immoral? 48© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Novelty Are we more likely to show fear to in-group (familiar) or out-group (novel) members? Is our fear toward in-group (familiar) or out- group (novel) members more likely to persist? 49© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

BLACK PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING IN-GROUP CONDITIONING

CS BLACK PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING IN-GROUP CONDITIONING ↑ SCR UCSCR

CS BLACK PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION CS OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING IN-GROUP CONDITIONING ↑ SCR UCS ↑ SCR CR

WHITE PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION IN-GROUP CONDITIONING OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING

CS WHITE PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION IN-GROUP CONDITIONING OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING ↑ SCR UCS CR

CS WHITE PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION CS IN-GROUP CONDITIONING OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING ↑ SCR UCS ↑ SCR CR

WHITE Ps’ SHOWED MORE FEAR (↑ SCR) TO BLACK VS. WHITE FACES (Olsson et al., 2005) 56© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

WHITE Ps’ SHOWED MORE FEAR (↑ SCR) TO BLACK VS. WHITE FACES SHOWED EXTINCTION (NO SCR) TO WHITE FACES, BUT NOT BLACK FACES (Olsson et al., 2005) 57© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

BLACK Ps’ SHOWED MORE FEAR (↑ SCR) TO WHITE VS. BLACK FACES (Olsson et al., 2005) 58© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

BLACK Ps’ SHOWED MORE FEAR (↑ SCR) TO WHITE VS. BLACK FACES SHOWED EXTINCTION (NO SCR) TO BLACK FACES, BUT NOT WHITE FACES (Olsson et al., 2005) 59© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Novelty People acquire more fear (↑ SCR) in response to out- group members (vs. in-group members) Fear slower to extinguish (↑ SCR) in response to out- group members (vs. in-group members) We are more likely to experience negative emotions toward people from other cultures 60© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: CAUSALITY Who caused our emotions? (self or other)? Germany vs. Tonga Independent vs. Collectivist Germany – More Anger, Less Guilt, Less Shame Tonga – Less Anger, More Guilt, More Shame (Bender et al., 2012) 61© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: Morality Is this behavior morally appropriate? Compared to other cultures, African cultures view negative emotions as due to more immoral events. Compared to other cultures, Latin American cultures view negative emotions as due to more moral events. 62© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Scherer, 1997) 63© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Do cultural differences exist in the way appraisals → specific emotions? Pleasantness, novelty (expectedness), goal conduciveness/obstruction No Cultural Differences Control of event, responsibility, anticipated effort, morality Cultural Differences 64© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Gender and Emotions Women = more sadness, fear, shame, guilt, positive emotions Men = more anger Biological/universal or gender roles/culture? © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 65 [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Gender and Emotions Men and women in 37 countries Predictor: Gender Empowerment Measure Outcome: Intensity, expression Powerful emotions: anger, disgust Powerless emotions: fear, sadness, shame, guilt © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 66 [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Gender and Emotion Intensity Powerful emotions: no gender differences Powerless emotions Women rated as more intense than men Women’s ratings did not depend on GEM Men’s ratings varied with GEM – more intense for Low GEM countries © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 67 [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Gender and Behavior Changes Antagonism Men reported more antagonism than men Women’s antagonism varied with GEM Low GEM: women reported less antagonism High GEM= no gender differences Crying Women reported more crying than men © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 68 [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Eliciting Events of Anger Target of Romantic Partners – High-GEM women Reasons for Anger Problems/conflicts in RR – High GEM women Attack on status – High GEM men and women © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 69 [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Gender Differences: Cultural or Universal? Universal for intensity of powerful emotions and crying Both! Greater gender inequality For men, leads to more restrictive emotionality (less intense powerless emotions) But, does not lead men to adopt the female role (more intense powerless emotions) For women, leads to more expressions of antagonism (more powerful emotions) and adoption of male role © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 70 [Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, doi: / ]

Summary Cultural Differences exist in the 4 Components of Emotions Self-reported experience (emotions felt, emotional intensity, mixed emotions) Appraisals and Antecedent Events (morality, causality, novelty) Behavior (expressions) Body (brain, physiology) Evolution and Social Constructivist may both be right Automatic vs. Controlled Appraisals 71© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood