Scenario- An overwhelming force invade and conquer the United States. They promise to allow current citizens to keep their current property. However, one of their conditions is that all citizens must speak the invader’s language, adopt the invader’s religious beliefs (which is polytheistic), wear what they wear (grey slacks, black shoes, and a white collared shirt), and abandon all other jobs except farming the land. How will you respond? a.Fight even though it will lead to the death of your friends and loved ones? b.Leave your home to try to find freedom elsewhere? c.Accept the new lifestyle and live in peace with the invaders?

C3 Objective- Examine the rationale behind federal policies affecting Native Americans Compare the contrasting viewpoints of Native American Leadership’s resistance to US Indian Policies You will be able to… 1.Relate the evolution of Federal policy in relation to Native Americans 2.Identify motivations that led to violent responses to these policies, both on the part of Native Americans and Whites 3.Evaluate the policy of assimilation and its effect on US/Native American relations

Concept Map Concept-Assimilation What is it? One culture being totally absorbed into a main culture in a society What is it like? Peer Pressure People who move from one place to another Native Americans and white culture Immigration What is a specific example of it?

1830s- Removal, open lands Plains were just corridors for migrations 1860s- Pacific Railway Act 1862 and Homestead Act 1862 =Reservations 1870s- era of Conflict = Assimilation

Effect- Native Americans were relocated onto smaller land allotments called reservations and/or they chose to resist by fighting against white settlers and soldiers Cause 1 Gold found in Georgia, Colorado, and Dakotas Cause 2 Expansion of transcontinental railroads Cause and Effect: What two causes are mentioned on pages that led the Effect below?

Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) Free Passage for Oregon Trailers Natives get $50,000 annuities Colorado Gold Rush (1859)

Treaty of Medicine Creek Lodge 1867 Limited 5 tribes lands to open new lands for white settlement and to relocate other tribes

2 nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Lakota get Black Hills, other tribes get placed on reservation policy Other lands open to white settlement and Railroads Reservation Policy

Colonel John Chivington Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sand Creek, Massacre Sand Creek, Colorado November 29, 1864 Cheyenne- Chief Black Kettle

Sand Creek Massacre: Colonel John Chivington’s Account Sand Creek Massacre: Lieutenant Joseph Cramer’s Account I had no reason to believe that Black Kettle and the Indians with him were in good faith at peace with the whites. The Indians took shelter in these trenches as soon as the attack was made, and from thence resisted the advance of my troops. From the best information I could obtain, I judge there were five hundred or six hundred Indians killed; I cannot state positively the number killed, nor can I state positively the number of women and children killed. Officers who passed over the field, by my orders, after the battle, for the purpose of ascertaining the number of Indians killed, report that they saw but few women and children dead, no more than would certainly fall in an attack upon a camp in which they were. I myself passed over some portions of the field after the fight, and I saw but one woman who had been killed, and one who had hanged herself; I saw no dead children. Question: Were most of the Indians killed and scalped at Sand creek warriors? Answer: They were not; I should think two- thirds were women and children. Question: Did any of the Indians escape during the attack upon Black Kettle’s camp? Answer: I should judge they did, a good many. Question: At anytime during the attack on Black Kettle’s camp did the Indians appear in line of battle? Answer: Not that I saw. Question: How did the Indians resist the attack upon them? Answer: By fighting back. They fought singly or a few in a place when the ground would give them shelter from our fire, and fought bravely. A great many started towards our lines with hands raised, as if begging for us to spare them.

Fetterman Massacre by Red Cloud and Crazy Horse Northern Wyoming December 21, 1866 On the bitterly cold morning of December 21, about 2,000 Indians concealed themselves along the road just north of Fort Phil Kearney, deceived 80 Federal troops to chase them then rained down 40,000 arrows in a narrow pass killing all 80 troops

Red River Reservation System

Forcing The Reservation system Wiping out the Bison million

Red River War 1874 Quanah Parker 4 th Cavalry

Red River War From A Comanche’s View

The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull George Armstrong Custer Sioux Warriors US 7 th Cavalry Strength-900–2,500Strength-647 losses estimated killed 160 wounded Losses-268 killed 55 wounded

Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause

Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)-Made public the unfair treatment of Native Americans There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians [in the United States] one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white settlers. The poorer, the more insignificant, the more helpless the band, the more certain the cruelty and outrage to which they have been subjected….where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain...Colorado is as greedy and unjust in 1880 as was Georgia in 1830, and Ohio in 1795; and the United States Government breaks promises now as deftly as then, and with added ingenuity from long practice....

Dawes Severalty Act (1887): started the Forced Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA Live on 160 acre allotments to farm Live in “nuclear families” Learn in “white education system” Open lands to White settlement

Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890 In the late-nineteenth-century American Indian spiritual movement, the ghost dance began in Nevada in 1889 when an Arapaho named Wovoka (also known as Jack Wilson) prophesied the extinction of white people and the return of the old-time life and superiority of the Indians. Faithful old dancing, clean living, peaceful adjustments with the whites, hard work, and following God's chosen leaders would hasten the resurrection of dead relatives and the restoration of days of Indian prosperity. Unfortunately it also created more fear and distrust among neighboring white settlers.

Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890 In the late-nineteenth-century American Indian spiritual movement, the ghost dance began in Nevada in 1889 when an Arapaho named Wovoka (also known as Jack Wilson) prophesied the extinction of white people and the return of the old-time life and superiority of the Indians. Faithful old dancing, clean living, peaceful adjustments with the whites, hard work, and following God's chosen leaders would hasten the resurrection of dead relatives and the restoration of days of Indian prosperity. Unfortunately it also created more fear and distrust among neighboring white settlers.

Main Idea- The Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890 signaled the end of the independent plains Indians The Ghost Dance led many Sioux to leave the reservation and camp by Wounded Knee creek to live practice the Ghost Dance and live traditionally. When soldiers wanted to inspect the camp for weapons fighting broke out leading to the massacre of 100 men, women, and children. Main Idea- The Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890 signaled the end of the independent plains Indians The Ghost Dance led many Sioux to leave the reservation and camp by Wounded Knee creek to live practice the Ghost Dance and live traditionally. When soldiers wanted to inspect the camp for weapons fighting broke out leading to the massacre of 100 men, women, and children. Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body

Indian Reservations Today