Coal Mining  The goal of coal mining is to economically remove coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content, and since the 1880s is widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production. In the United States, United Kingdom, and South Africa, a coal mine and its structures are a "colliery". In Australia, "colliery" generally refers to an underground coal mine.

Surface Mining  Surface mining (also commonly called strip mining), is used when a coal seam is relatively close to the surface, usually within 200 feet. Underground (or deep) mining  is used when the coal seam is buried several hundred feet below the surface. In underground mining, workers and machinery go down a vertical shaft or a slanted tunnel called a slope to remove the coal. Two basic methods of Coal Extraction

five principal methods of underground mining  Longwall mining- is a form of underground coal mining where a long wall of coal is mined in a single slice  Continuous mining-(also called bord and pillar) is a mining system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane while leaving "pillars" of untouched material to support the overburden leaving open areas or "rooms" underground.  Blast mining-is the controlled use of explosives to excavate or remove rock  Retreat mining-is a term used to reference the final phase of an underground mining technique known as room and pillar mining. This involves excavating a room or chamber while leaving behind pillars of material for support.

Ecology of Mining  Coal mining can result in a number of adverse effects on the environment. Surface mining of coal completely eliminates existing vegetation, destroys the genetic soil profile, displaces or destroys wildlife and habitat, degrades air quality, alters current land uses, and to some extent permanently changes the general topography of the area mined, This often results in a scarred landscape with no scenic value. Rehabilitation or reclamation mitigates some of these concerns and is required by Federal Law, specifically the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.

Median Salary by Job Industry: Coal Mining Net income for the year 2010 was $ 20,100,000

Phosphates A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry. At elevated temperatures in the solid state, phosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates. A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry. At elevated temperatures in the solid state, phosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates.

Ecology of Phosphates In ecological terms, because of its important role in biological systems, phosphate is a highly sought after resource. Once used, it is often a limiting nutrient in environments, and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms. In ecological terms, because of its important role in biological systems, phosphate is a highly sought after resource. Once used, it is often a limiting nutrient in environments, and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms.

1. Phosphoric acid-based chemical polishes are used primarily to chemically polish (brighten) aluminum and aluminum alloys. 2. Many phosphorus-containing materials are used as flame- retardants for textiles, plastics, coatings, paper, sealants and mastics. 3. "Phosphates and phosphoric acid have many uses in the treatment of potable (drinking) water. 4. Cleaning solutions with phosphates help clean mildew and stubborn stains on vinyl siding.

Phosphate products are a significant part of everyday living. In addition to their versatility, government authorities also recognize them as safe for worker exposure and handling and for use in the home. In many water bodies, phosphorus is the limiting nutrient and controlling its level is an important step in preventing eutrophication. In most areas, most of the phosphorus comes from the environment itself, and only a fraction (about a third) from consumer products.

Manganese A hard brittle grey polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic; used in making steel; occurs in many minerals

USD/kg means U.S dollar(php46.50)per kilogram.

Environmental effects of manganese Manganese is quite profitable but it contains toxic substances that can harm people. Also it’s the same with the other ones, it can pollute and destroy our Earth.

Uses of Manganese Manganese is used most commonly in steel production to help improve strength, durability, and toughness. It can be used in medicine to help support the immune system, regulate your blood sugar, and maintain bone regulation and reproduction. It is also used in gasoline to reduce engine knock, and is used in alkaline batteries.

SAFETY precautions Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals such as nickel and copper. However, exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 even for short periods because of its toxicity level.

References CoalS.pdf CoalS.pdf &q=coal+mining&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=g10&aql=&oq=&gs_r fai= &q=coal+mining&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=g10&aql=&oq=&gs_r fai &q=phosphates&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=g1&aql=&oq=&gs_rfa i= &q=phosphates&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=g1&aql=&oq=&gs_rfa i &q=manganese&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai= &q=manganese&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai