Motivation and Assessment Conventional wisdom would have us believe that the main purpose of assessment is as a stick to force students to learn. The customary response “Yes” to the question “Will this be on the test?” was all that was necessary to encourage student effort.

Changing Beliefs z Since the 1940s we have known that connections between student motivation and assessment were far more complex and that ‘holding the test over students heads’ was a crude way to encourage students to learn.

Motivation as a needs response zTwo well accepted theories tell us that student’s response to assessment is based on their personal needs. Maslow & Alderfer tell us that first certain basic needs must be met, relational needs come next, and finally growth needs come into play.

Translation z If we want accurate results when we assess students we: Cannot scare them into achieving Must develop positive student-teacher relationships Must make students feel they belong Promote positive student self esteem Help students feel competent Provide appropriate positive affirmations

Motivation through Satisfaction z Herzberg found that motivating people by increasing satisfaction had two important but different sets of factors. The purpose of the first set is to ‘fix’ things that make them dissatisfied. When we do so we encourage adequate performance. zTo get excellent performance we must tap into a second set of very different behavioural factors – ones that inspire people to go beyond being satisfied.

Rocket Analogy

Translation zThe ‘hygiene’ factors are a platform we need to satisfy students. Without them we cannot get learning ‘off the ground’. Think of the platform as factors needed to encourage students to seek a satisfactory grade. To encourage a student to seek the highest possible grade we need to tap into the ‘motivators’ that make the rocket ‘soar’. zOur instructional and assessment decisions must be based upon both sets of factors.

Basis for Assessment Decisions z McGregor’s theories relate to the mental models we use when dealing with people. z A theory X teacher sees students as lazy, unable to accept responsibility, and needing pressure to perform. z A theory Y teacher sees student as enthusiastic, responsible, and committed to perform well.

Translation z Theory X teachers believe that rewards and punishments are necessary to motivate students. Assessment is the ultimate tool to ‘make’ students learn. z Theory Y teachers believe that students are intrinsically motivated to learn. Assessment is an important tool to support and measure student learning.

Motivational Urges z Human behaviour is affected by three basic urges – achievement, power, and affiliation Achievement motivation – urge to do things better and set challenging goals. Power motivation – urge to have some control and have a positive effect on their organization. Affiliation motivation – urge to fit in and be liked by others.

Translation z Some students see assessment as a challenge and set high goals for learning. Fair feedback on their performance is the motivator. z Some students see assessment and its results as a way to influence their lives. Self-esteem is the motivator. z Some students see assessment and its results as a way to fit in with others. Fitting in within a supportive environment is the motivator.

Goal Setting z Goal setting is an important way to increase performance. Effective goals should be: specific and clear realistic and challenging gauged by appropriate feedback

Translation z Students who set learning goals are more likely to perform better. z Effective assessment begins with encouraging students to set learning goals. z We need to provide students with clear targets so they can set realistic but challenging goals. z We need to provide appropriate feedback on their performance and encourage them to monitor their progress.

Equity z People are motivated when they believe that life is fair and people are treated equally. z People compare themselves and their situations to others to determine fairness. z People who believe they are being treated unfairly will respond by making excuses, changing their inputs or outputs, or by quitting.

Translation z Assessment must be ‘perceived as fair’ and students must feel they are treated equally. z Students will compare their assessment results with other students. We need to be sure that our grading is based on clear criteria that are measurable and defensible. z If assessments are perceived as unfair students will, lower their efforts, lower their expectations, or simply stop trying.

Expectation of Success z People are motivated by outcomes. Three factors that motivate us are: how much we want the outcome whether we believe our efforts will lead to improvement faith that improved performance will lead to achieving the outcome

Translation z Students are motivated by success. Before assessing students we need to be sure they value what we are teaching and assessing. As we interact with students we need show them that their efforts do lead to improvement When students show improvement, their grades should reflect this improvement.