Motives, Movements, and Momentum The Progressive Era Motives, Movements, and Momentum

Women’s Suffrage The Problem Women were not given the right to vote, but wanted it Paid less than men Confining gender expectations Leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Seneca Falls Convention -“Declaration of Sentiments” -National Woman Suffrage Association Alice Paul -Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (National Woman’s Party) -”Silent Sentinels” - Change on federal level

Women’s Suffrage Methods Civil Disobedience- Protests, Boycotts, Marches/Picketing Organization/Conferences Writing Unions Accomplishments 19th Amendment- Women’s Right to Vote Made Women’s Rights a National Issue Women’s Bureau of Department of Labor

Consumer Protection Problem Food unfit to eat Food processing and storage unsafe Poisonous materials used in consumer products Rats, bugs, spoiled food, etc. permitted in factories Leaders Upton Sinclair -Writer (Muckraker) - The Jungle -Appeal to Reason

Consumer Protection Methods Writing Photography Raise Awareness to inspire public outrage and action Accomplishments Pure Food and Drug Act Government Regulations on food and medicine Federal Meat Inspection Act U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Working Conditions Problems Triangle Factory Fire Unfair Wages Unfair Hours Unsafe Conditions Leaders Women’s Trade Union League United Mine Workers Union John Siney International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union

Working Conditions Methods Strikes Protests Political Activity Cooperation with business owners Organization/Unions Accomplishments 8-hour work day Safety regulations Committee on Public Safety Factory Investigating Commission American Society of Safety Engineers Federal Legislation passed

Child Labor Problems Dangerous working conditions for children Accidents Exposure to high levels of heat, fumes Children working, not in school Prevented children from becoming productive, healthy adults Leaders Theodore Roosevelt John Spargo -The Bitter Cry of the Children

Child Labor Methods Muckrakers exposed conditions Raised Awareness Sought federal legislation regulations Call for fewer working hours Accomplishments Children’s Bureau Keating-Owen Act- regulated Child Labor conditions, hours, and wages Taxes on businesses Smith-Hughes Act- one million dollars to states to improve education programs Bans on child labor

Temperance/Prohibition Problem Immorality Alcohol Abuse Alcoholism Violence Poverty Leaders Jacob Riis Women’s Christian Temperance Union Anti-Saloon League Carrie Nation

Civil Rights Problems Legal Segregation Discrimination Unemployment Leaders Booker T. Washington W.E.B. du Bois Ida B. Wells

Temperance/Prohibition Methods Organization Revolt against saloon owners Marches Raise awareness Accomplishments Made Temperance and Prohibition a national issue 18th Amendment- Prohibition of Alcohol in the U.S.

Civil Rights Methods Organization- Niagara Movement, NAACP Created schools- Tuskegee Institute Raised Awareness Civil Disobedience- Protests, boycotts, marches Appeal to political reform Writing Accomplishments Raised awareness about social and political inequality Made Segregation a national issue 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments Made small strides in gaining equality for African Americans in the U.S.

Conservation Problems Exploitation and Over-consumption of natural resources Pollution Mismanagement of raw materials “Tradition of Waste” Leaders Theodore Roosevelt Gifford Pinchot John Muir

Conservation Methods Call for government regulations of businesses with regards to harvesting and use of raw materials Raised awareness Scientific studies Accomplishments National Parks National Forests Newlands Act Inland Waterways Commission National Conservation Commission

Government Reforms Problems Corruption Voting Fraud Bribery of Government Officials Political Bosses Distribution of power Leaders Theodore Roosevelt Robert LaFollette Jacob Riis

Government Reforms Methods Passed legislation Call for direct primaries and more control by the people Raised awareness of problems in the government Accomplishments Direct Primaries- people elect political candidates Regulations/Taxes on Railroads Reformed taxes on big businesses Discouraged political bosses Gave people more direct control over government

Big Business Problems Monopolies Unregulated business practices Mistreatment of workers Interfered in government practices Leaders Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft

Big Business Methods Passed federal laws Raised awareness Targeted monopolies and trusts Accomplishments -Expedition Act -Interstate Commerce Commission -Hepburn Act -Northern Securities v. United States -Federal Reserve Act -Clayton Antitrust Act -Federal Trade Commission

Essential Questions What circumstances created the social or political conditions that eventually needed to be reformed? How did individuals and groups influence social and political change in the United States between 1890-1920? What actions were taken to create social and political change in the United States between 1890-1920? What lasting impact did reform movements have on American life during the Progressive Era and today?