PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Interdependence between Technology and Governance: cases and theories by Emanuele Lobina Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU) University of Greenwich, UK 21 March 2009 Sustainable Water management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities’ HealthSWITCH, European Commission, 6th Framework Programme, , Contract No (GOCE), Integrated Project.The findings are the responsibility of the author and should not be construed as representing the views of the European Commission. Sustainable Water management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities’ Health SWITCH, European Commission, 6th Framework Programme, , Contract No (GOCE), Integrated Project. The findings are the responsibility of the author and should not be construed as representing the views of the European Commission.

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Research questions and theoretical framework Why have we not yet moved to an integrated approach to urban water management? Is the limiting factor technology or institutional frameworks (or a combination of both)? Theories applied to the case of sewerage:  Knowledge theory (technological change)  Governance theory  Network theory

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Characterisation of sewerage as technology Second generation technology  Implications: perceived social necessity is key to decision making (e.g. Sabesp/COBES in 1980s São Paulo) Centralised system (“Victorian” technology)  Implications: adverse impact of localised solutions on public health and environment (e.g. Peru, Pakistan, Jakarta) Highly capital intensive  Implications: affordability, subsidies, timescale of universal coverage (e.g. history of OECD countries, MDGs, donors’ policies)

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Knowledge and decision making Moriarty et al. (2005: 11) define knowledge as “the intrinsic ability of individuals or groups to carry out actions” Knowledge defined as the “awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information, gained in the form of experience or learning (a posteriori), or through introspection (a priori)” Knowledge is part of the governance “equation” and reminds us that governance is a resource-dependent process

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Geodesic networks and inefficient knowledge transfer E.g. PPWSA prior to 1993 Government Management Labour Consumers

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Monopolistic hubs and inefficient knowledge transfer E.g. Aguas Argentinas, Private Operator

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Highly integrated networks and efficient knowledge transfer (e.g. DMAE, )

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Definitions: Governance “Governance comprises the complex mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, mediate their differences, and exercise their legal rights and obligations” (UNDP, 1997) In mainstream literature, governance is presented as the articulation of management regimes and their institutional frameworks: the State, Market and Civil Society (Castro, 2003) Is governance just another byword for politics and decision making? (Green, 2007) Knowledge as part of the governance “equation”

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session The ideal-type model of governance … State (hierarchical order) Market (self- organization driven by competition) Civil society (cooperation driven by voluntary association) Adapted from Picciotto (1997), Castro (2003) State Civil society Market

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Policy networks and state autonomy Looks at inter-actor relationships in light of relative interests/objectives, available resources, applicable rules and existing constraints (Hermans, 2005; Klijn, 1997) State and different levels of government recognised as carrying own and distinct interests (Smith, 1993) Relationships vary in type (confrontational and transactional) Criticised for not representing a theory of power, but it is a valuable analytical framework for testing the cogency of other theories, e.g. property rights and public choice, as it addresses both resources- and context-dependence (Lobina and Hall, 2007)

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Implications for IUWM What generation is IUWM?  What is the perceived social necessity of IUWM? Centralised vs. localised systems  What is the impact of centralised/localised solutions in terms of PESTE sustainability? What are the financial implications of moving to IUWM?  In terms of: affordability; trade offs between economic, social and environmental objectives; sources of funding

PSIRU World Water Forum 2009, Istanbul, Session Selected References Hall, D., Lobina, E. (2008) Sewerage Works – Public investment in sewers saves lives. PSIRU Reports, commissioned by UNISON and PSI, March 2008 ( Lobina, E., Hall, D. (2008) The comparative advantage of the public sector in the development of urban water supply, in Progress in Development Studies, 8(1), pp Hall, D., Lobina, E. (2007) Profitability and the poor: Corporate strategies, innovation and sustainability, in Geoforum, 38(5), pp Lobina, E., Hall, D. (2007) Experience with private sector participation in Grenoble, France and lessons on strengthening public water operations, in Utilities Policy, 15, pp