Changing Attitudes & Values Social Order Middle Class Rights for Women – Suffrage: The right to vote Public Education – late 1800’s Higher Education

John Stuart Mill & Reform Gov’t should work for the good of all its citizens Protected working children; improve housing and factory conditions Rejected economic systems that left workers trapped in poverty

– Equality for all regardless of social class or economic power – All human beings “have equal need of a voice in government to secure their share of its benefits.”

Early Reform Laws Working conditions troubled British public – Factory Act of 1802 – Ten Hours Act of 1847

Early Reform Laws Hard to enforce – conditions remained harsh Did nothing to increase wages Workers banded together to demand reform – Strikes – Unions

Collective Action By the 1870s Parliament passed laws legalizing strikes – unions have real power Management and unions discuss wages, hours, working conditions

New Methods of Production Interchangeable parts Assembly line

Technology Steel: – Henry Bessemer – purified iron ore – Lighter, harder, more durable than iron – Produced cheaply

Chemicals – Medicine – First artificial food (margarine) – Perfume – Soap!! – Dynamite

Electricity – Electric light bulb – Batteries – Cables to carry electicity – Power transformers – AC Current

More….. Transportation: – Internal combustion engine – Cars & gasoline – Airplanes Communication: – Telegraph – Telephone – Radio

Life during the Industrial Revolution Medicine: – Germ discovery – Vaccines – Pasteurization – Insects can cause illness – Anesthesia – Sterilization – Sanitation – Antiseptics

Cities Increasing population Slums Tenements More wealth Shopping areas Trolley lines Suburbia Sidewalks Paved streets Electric street lights Sewers Clean water Skyscrapers