The World of Cities Chapter 9 Section 2

#1a Louis Pasteur French chemist showed the link between microbes and disease created vaccines against rabies and anthrax and created the process of pasteurization, or killing disease carrying microbes in milk

#1b Robert Koch found bacteria that caused tuberculosis, but a cure would not be created for 50 years

#1c Florence Nightingale British nurse during Crimean war, worked for more sanitary hospitals, and then when the war was over return to England and campaigned for the same sanitary conditions in London hospitals. 1820-1910

#1d Joseph Lister English surgeon discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. He insisted on washing hands and sterilizing instruments. Thus reducing death from infection

#2a Germ Theory Speculation that was found to be fact that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases Rudolf Virchow

#2b Urban Renewal Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city

#2c Mutual –Aid Society Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers, usually organized by workers who had no medical care, insurance, or sick time

#2d Standard of Living The measure of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

#3 Why did the rate of population growth increase in the late 1800s? People were eating better and practicing better hygiene. Medical discoveries were eliminating some diseases.

#4 Describe three ways that city life changed in the 1800s? Paved streets, wide boulevards, trolley lines made transportation easier. Gas and electric street lights increased safety at night. New sewer systems reduced the impact disease.

#5 What laws helped workers in the late 1800s? New laws allowed workers to unionize, expanded the right to vote, regulated working conditions, limited child labor, and set up old age pensions and disability insurance.