Reading Quiz Chapter 3 1.Describe how education was handled in the colonies. 2.Africans taken as slaves were to cultivate these three crops. 3.To deal with trade Parliament passed this in 1660.

Chapter 3 - Colonial Society Were the colonies united? Each region – NE, Middle, South – acquired its own history & developed its own traditions as it adapted to its environment. Having different reasons to establish a colony would also contribute to these differences. Little contact between colonies. It wasn’t England’s intent to build a centralized empire in the New World, just to have colonies needed for mercantilism.

Similarities Location Common language Common heritage Common religion - they all started as part of the Church of England. Loyalty to the monarchy (Crown/Great Britain) All subject to the mercantile system.

Similarities between NE & the Chesapeake Colonies Both established around the same time: VA 1607, MA 1630 Both English colonies Both spoke English, accepted Protestantism & were loyal to the Crown.

Differences between VA & MA Environmental conditions MA – a commonwealth Labor systems Social systems Economies Motives for establishing People who first settled there Fewer families in VA Education lacking in VA compared to MA

Examples of differences between VA & MA: Chesapeake – its economy was entirely based on a single crop – tobacco – which created a demand for indentured servants and later slaves; more materialisic. MA – the longevity of its founders led to social & political stability that the Chesapeake colonies didn’t have until the end of the 17 th century.

Another example of the difference between VA v. MA No unity between VA & MA (p. 13). When VA was having problems with the Native Americans, MA refused to help them because they believed it was God’s way of punishing the tobacco planters for their “worldliness.” When MA was having problems with the Native Americans, it didn’t bother the Virginians. They saw the Puritans as religious fanatics and even outlawed the export of food to MA.

Terms to know: Backcountry – the frontier, away from the East coast; more inland, westward Commonwealth – a group of persons united by some common interest; the people are sovereign (govern themselves) and they are organized for the good of all, not for the good of one (individual); describes the Puritans

New England Society Puritans God-centered Arrived as nuclear families Replicated in America their life in England Longevity - grandparents Large population Commonwealth Agrarian Dowry Non economically self sufficient – grew a surplus in order to buy manufactured goods Established towns

Half-Way Covenant – a way to increase church membership Education was a family responsibility. Had the 1 st tax supported schools Community-centered, not individuals out to get rich Social Order -Gentry – became leaders in government -Sumptuary laws – limited the wearing of fine apparel to the wealthy & prominent so that those not of the gentry class could not dress as if they were! -Yeomen – independent farmers, landowners -Servants (vocational training) – mainly children p. 71

Chesapeake colonies VA & MD Did not arrive as families but as individuals Most (70-85%) were indentured servants High mortality rates Poor environment – disease, salt water to drink Social Order Gentry – plantation owners ruled Yeomen Freemen – former indentured servants; formed the largest class Indentured servants slaves

No need for towns because they traded their tobacco directly with English merchants Imported manufactured goods from England as did the Puritans

Slavery Slaves replaced Native Americans & indentured servants. How did slavery get started in VA? First arrived in 1619 Flourished under the Triangular Trade. Middle Passage – slave voyage

As the slave population became to outnumber the southern colonies’ population, this created fear which led to the passage of black codes and the rise of racism. Slavery was referred to as “the peculiar” institution because it was based solely on skin color.

African American Identities The slave experience varied from colony to colony and region to region. South Carolina – Slave made up the majority of the population (60%) which enabled them to develop their own culture (Creole languages such as Gullah.) -Worked on isolated rice plantations -Limited contact with whites -Formed kinships

New England & Middle Colonies: More frequent contact with whites North: many worked as domestic servants Virginia: Worked in tobacco fields mainly for plantation owners (the gentry) Rebellions: Stono Uprising – SC, the most serious colonial slave rebellion; slaves were trying to get to Spanish Florida

British Economics Salutary neglect – as long as the colonies made a profit for the Crown, the monarchy left them alone. This led the colonies to become more independent, economically and politically. Salutary neglect continued until the end of the French & Indian War in 1763 when the Crown needed more money.

The British Economic System Mercantilism A term coined by British economist Adam Smith Required colonies, raw materials, markets, & a favorable balance of trade (export more than import)

Navigation Acts Passed to enforce mercantilism and to eliminate the Dutch trade with the colonies. Stated that no ship could trade in the colonies unless the ship had been built in England or in America & its crew had to be 75% English. Stated that certain enumerated goods (items that England could not produce) were to be sold only to England: tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, rice Enumerated means numbered or listed.

Staple Act – stated nothing could be imported into America unless it was first shipped to England which would increase the cost of the good to America (protective tariff) Colonial reaction to the Navigation Acts – angry and pretty much ignored them or found ways to get around them, p. 82 (smuggling also occurred) England passed a plantation duty – tax the enumerated goods upfront

The greatest problem with the Navigation Acts is that they could not be enforced. However, colonists no longer made as much profit from their trade and these trade restrictions would create resentment that only increased with the new taxes imposed after the French & Indian War.

Colonial Rebellion Bacon’s Rebellion Conflict was over land (the best land was in the hands of the plantation owners who were the governing body) Conflict was over the Native Americans who were attacking the backcounty settlers or backwoodsmen and the government in Jamestown refused to do anything about it. Most of these farmers had been indentured servants. Nathaniel Bacon took matters into his own hands, attacking Indians & burning down Jamestown. Bacon’s Rebellion became a civil war. Outcome: slaves replaced indentured servants

The Glorious Revolution in Massachusetts New England developed a sense of independence from England even though it was unfounded. They too had to follow the Navigation Acts. Non- Puritans were moving into the area and demanding to be treated fairly – King Philip’s War – Native Americans v. Puritans, a severe economic blow to the MA colony (debt from war) but was the last major Native American conflict for the Puritans.

England’s response: cancel the Massachusetts Bay Colony’s charter, making it a royal colony England decided to restructure the government of all of NE in the Dominion of New England. of NE would be under 1 governor. When news of the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION reached the colonies, the colonists overthrew the royal governor (Sir Edmund Adrows), and the Dominion of New England was abandoned giving MA a new royal charter. Now to vote you to own land, not be a church member.

Witchcraft A response to the political turmoil when England attempted the Dominion of New England A response to religious discord when non- Puritans began moving into MA as well as division among Puritans. A response to the economic inequality within MA – the poor and the wealthy Is compared to the McCarthy hearings of the 1950s when people were wrongly accused of being communists

The Glorious Revolution in New York and Maryland New York A response to divisions within the ruling class and religious & ethnic differences A clash between the Dutch & Anglo-Dutch Jacob Leisler – along with others, seized the local fort (seat of government) in the name of William & Mary Leisler was ordered to surrender the fort and when he didn’t immediately do so, he was declared a rebel, tried and hanged.

MARYLAND Conflict between Catholics & Protestants With the news of the Glorious Revolution, Protestants under John Coode formed the Protestant Association to force the governor of Baltimore to resign. This Association also asked the Crown to transform MD into a royal colony. Anglicanism (Protestantism) was declared the official religion