6.3 Organic Compounds This PowerPoint accompanies reading pages 161 to 167

Organic compounds all contain Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids

Carbon forms  Single bonds  Double bonds  Triple bonds

With Carbon atoms, we can Form chains, branched chains, rings Include other elements Include lots of carbon atoms, or just a few MANY, MANY, MANY POSSIBILITIES

Same formula, different structure = isomer Example: glucose and fructose.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are macromolecules, made of smaller, repeating subunits

Carbohydrates Made of C, H and O: roughly 2 H for every C and O. Simplest carbohydrate is a simple sugar – one molecule called a monosaccharide (yes, this is really how it’s spelled) Disaccharide-2 sugars Polysaccharides- many sugars

Lipids- a.k.a FATS Still C, H and O- but different proportions: more C-H, less O. Good for energy storage, insulation, and a major component of cellular membranes Common structure- glycerol “head” with 3 fatty acid “tails’

Proteins Still C, H and O, but add nitrogen and usually sulfur Proteins essential to life: build tissues, and help carry out cell metabolism Proteins come in many, many shapes and sizes- incredibly varied

Proteins- made of Amino Acids strung together Bond between amino acids is peptide bond.

Proteins  FORM MUSCLES  TRANSPORT OXYGEN  CARRY OUT CHEMICAL REACTIONS Enzymes are a type of protein. ENZYMES CARRY OUT CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Use an active site. Enzymes are everywhere!

Next Class…….. how macromolecular bonds are formed and nucleic acids Homework: reading guide 6.3- can use for quiz on Tues

How cells make macromolecules Some organic molecules are very small, but others contain thousands of carbon atoms. These large molecules are called macromolecules. Cells build macromolecules piece by piece, like a train, hitching (bonding) smaller molecules together.

Here’s how they do it…

Start with some Monomers A monomer is a small carbon molecule. Two examples of a monomers are glucose and fructose.  These are both monosaccharide and isomers of each other  Both C 6 H 12 O 6  Your cells absorb glucose and convert it into energy to drive the cell. Your brain requires it to function properly.

Polymer The term polymer comes from Greek words meaning "many parts". A polymer is a substance with a high molecular mass that is composed of a large number of repeating units. Starch is a natural polymer composed of chains of repeating units of glucose.

Cotton, silk, wool, and natural rubber are also natural polymers. Protein, another natural polymer, is an essential ingredient in living matter and is made up of monomers called amino acids. Polymer Monomers

Here, you see two amino acids being polymerized into a protein by a condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis.)

Conjunction junction… Here glucose and fructose are bonded by condensation (also known as dehydration synthesis) These two molecules are connected by covalent chemical bonds, and a water molecule is a by product.

Many uses for polymers… Polymers made from petrochemicals are called synthetic polymers.  Some synthetic polymers are synthetic rubber, plastic wrap, and fabrics such as nylon and rayon.  One of the most important synthetic polymers we use everyday is plastics, which are used in products from kitchen utensils to rocket engines. Polymers are also used in medicine as substitutes for human tissues, such as bones and arteries.

Hydrolysis A chemical reaction in which water is used to break the bonds of certain substances. In living organisms, these substances are often polymers. This is the reverse process of condensation or dehydration synthesis.

Enzymes and polymer breakdown Here, the enzyme Sucrase breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose by binding it to it’s active site.