Luila Zaimi

 An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon (such as CO and CO 2 ), and cyanides are considered inorganic. [1] The distinction between organic and inorganic carbon compounds, while "useful in organizing the vast subject of chemistry... is somewhat arbitrary." [2]gaseousliquidsolidchemical compoundsmoleculescarboncarbidescarbonatesoxidescyanidesinorganic [1]organicinorganic [2]  Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation. Organic chemistryOrganic synthesismethodology

 The word organic is historical, dating to the 1st century. For many centuries, Western alchemists believed in vitalism. This is the theory that certain compounds could be synthesized only from their classical elements—earth, water, air, and fire—by the action of a "life-force" (vis vitalis) that only organisms possessed. Vitalism taught that these "organic" compounds were fundamentally different from the "inorganic" compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulation.alchemistsvitalismclassical elements  Vitalism survived for a while even after the rise of modern atomic theory and the replacement of the Aristotelian elements by those we know today. It first came under question in 1824, when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized oxalic acid, a compound known to occur only in living organisms, from cyanogen. [citation needed] A more decisive experiment was Wöhler's 1828 synthesis of urea from the inorganic salts potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate. Urea had long been considered an "organic" compound, as it was known to occur only in the urine of living organisms. Wöhler's experiments were followed by many others, where increasingly complex "organic" substances were produced from "inorganic" ones without the involvement of any living organism.atomic theoryAristotelian elementsFriedrich Wöhleroxalic acidcyanogencitation neededWöhler's 1828 synthesisureasaltspotassium cyanateammonium sulfate

 Even though vitalism has been discredited, scientific nomenclature retains the distinction between organic and inorganiccompounds. The modern meaning of organic compound is any compound that contains a significant amount of carbon—even though many of the organic compounds known today have no connection to any substance found in living organisms.  There is no single "official" definition of an organic compound. Some textbooks define an organic compound as one that contains one or more C-H bonds. Others include C-C bonds in the definition. Others state that if a molecule contains carbon―it is organic. [3] [3]  Even the broader definition of "carbon-containing molecules" requires the exclusion of carbon-containing alloys (includingsteel), a relatively small number of carbon-containing compounds such as metal carbonates and carbonyls, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon and simple carbon halides and sulfides, which are usually considered inorganic.steelcarbonatescarbonylsoxidescyanidesallotropes of carboninorganic  The "C-H" definition excludes compounds that are historically and practically considered organic. Neither urea nor oxalic acid is organic by this definition, yet they were two key compounds in the vitalism debate. The IUPAC Blue Book on organic nomenclature specifically mentions urea [4] and oxalic acid.IUPAC Blue Book [4]

 Other compounds lacking C-H bonds that are also traditionally considered organic include benzenehexol, mesoxalic acid, and carbon tetrachloride. Mellitic acid, which contains no C-H bonds, is considered a possible organic substance in Martian soil. C-C bond is found in most organic compounds, except some small molecules like methane and methanol, which have only one carbon atom in their structure. [6]benzenehexolmesoxalic acidcarbon tetrachlorideMellitic acidMartian [6]  The "C-H bond-only" rule also leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-fluorine compounds, as, for example,Teflon is considered by this rule "inorganic" but Tefzel organic. Likewise, many Halons are considered inorganic, whereas the rest are considered organic. For these and other reasons, most sources believe C-H compounds are only a subset of "organic" compounds.TeflonTefzelHalons  In summary, most carbon-containing compounds are organic, and almost all organic compounds contain at least a C-H bond or a C-C bond. A compound does not need to contain C-H bonds to be considered organic (e.g., urea), but many organic compounds do.urea

 Natural compounds  Synthetic compounds  Biotechnology

 Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be more expensive to produce artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids andterpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B 12, and, in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometricallycomplicated molecules present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms. Natural compoundssugarsalkaloidsterpenoidsvitamin B 12stereoisometrically  Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hor mones, lipids and fatty acids, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, lectins, vitamins, and fats and oils.biochemistryantigenscarbohydratesenzymeshor moneslipidsfatty acidsneurotransmittersnucleic acidsproteinspeptidesamino acidslectinsvitaminsfats and oils

 Synthetic compounds[  Compounds that are prepared by reaction of other compounds are referred to as "synthetic". They may be either compounds that already are found in plants or animals or those that do not occur naturally.  Most polymers (a category that includes all plastics and rubbers), are organic synthetic or semi- synthetic compounds.polymersplasticsrubbers  Biotechnology  Several compounds are industrially manufactured utilizing the biochemistry of organisms such as bacteria and yeast. Two examples are ethanol and insulin. Regularly the DNA of the organism is altered to express desired compounds, often not ordinarily produced by that organism. Sometimes the biotechnologically engineered compounds were never present in nature in the first place.ethanolinsulinDNAbiotechnologically