The French Wars of Religion were fought between Catholics and Calvinists. Militant- combative religions Huguenots- French Protestants influenced by John Calvin House of Bourbon- Huguenot nobles who ruled the southern French kingdom. Massacre of Vassy- murder of Huguenots by Catholics: considered the incident that led to war.

Ultra-Catholics- extreme Catholic party who strongly opposed the Huguenots. Causes of the French Wars of Religion: 1. Religion 2. Resistance to the monarchy 3. Huguenot Nobles Henry of Navarre- political leader of the Huguenots and member of the Bourbon dynasty.

 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre- targeted assassination attempts at prominent Huguenot leaders.  Result  Huguenot political movement is crippled because of this massacre.

 Edict of Nantes (1598)- recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave the Huguenots the right to worship.  The Spanish and Philip II  Philip II- king of Spain known as “ The Most Catholic King”  Major goals of Philip II: 1. Consolidate Spanish lands, 2. Spread Catholic Christianity

 William the Silent- Dutch leader known as the “ Prince of Orange” who resisted the Spanish.  Spain seemed to be the greatest power in the world but power had shifted to France and England.  England’s Elizabeth  Elizabeth Tudor- under her reign England became the leader of Protestant nations.

 Queen Elizabeth’s religious actions:  1. Repelled laws protecting Catholics  2. Moderate Church of England  Armada- fleet of warships  Spanish sail back to England around Scotland and Ireland.

 Inflation- rise in the general level of prices over a period of time.  Causes of Inflation in Europe:  1. Influx of gold and silver from the Americas  2. Growing population  Witchcraft- belief in magic  Inquisition- church institution for suppressing heresy.

 Common people and women were the most often accused of witchcraft  The Thirty Years’ War- fought between the Roman Catholics and Protestants over the crown of Bohemia.  Holy Roman Empire- Thirty Years’ War starts here  Bohemia- city where Protestants rebelled against Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors

 This war was the most destructive conflict Europeans had yet experienced.  The Peace of Westphalia- ended the Thirty Years’ War.  Effects of the Peace of Westphalia:  1. All German states could determine their religion  2. Holy Roman Empire states were recognized as independent

 James I- king of Scotland who would become James I of England through accession  Divine right of kings- belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.  English Civil War- known as the English Revolution

 Major causes of the war:  1. Divine right of kings  2. Religion  Puritans- protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas  Cavaliers- supporters of the king  Roundheads- supporters of parliament  Oliver Cromwell- military genius who created The New Model Army

 Commonwealth- a republic  Exclusion Bill – bill which would have barred James from the throne as a professed Catholic.  Whigs- supporters of the Exclusion Bill  Tories- those who did not support the Exclusion bill  James II- foils the Exclusion Bill by dismissing Parliament.

 William of Orange- Dutch leader who invaded England.  England’s Revolution is called the Glorious Revolution because their was almost no blood shed  Bill of Rights- gave Parliament certain rights as well as individuals  Toleration Act of granted Puritans the right of free public worship.

 Absolutism- system in which a ruler holds total power.  Louis XIV- his reign has been regarded as the best example of absolutism  Cardinal Richelieu- Louis III chief minister who strengthened the power of the monarchy  Cardinal Mazarin- Louis XIV chief minister who took the throne because of Louis age

 Louis XIV considered himself the Sun King  The Royal Court at Versailles served three purposes: 1. Personal household, 2. Chief government offices located there, 3. Haven for powerful subjects  Baptiste Colbert- general of finances for Louis who used the ideas of mercantilism to increase wealth in France

 Accommodate up to 5000 people  Took 27 years to complete  Over 30,000 laborers worked on it  Cost over 2 billion dollars  Palace and gardens are set on about 20,000 acres

 Louis XIV left France with huge debts and a number of enemies  Prussia and Austria emerged as great powers after the Thirty Years’ War.  Frederick William the Great Elector- laid the foundation for the Prussia state  The new Austrian Empire was made up of the following present day countries: Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary.

 Ivan IV- known as Ivan the Terrible for his terrible deeds and was the first Russia ruler to take the title of czar.  Czar- Russian word for Caesar  Boyars- Russian nobility  Peter the Great- Czar of Russia who ruled as an absolute monarch and claimed the divine right to rule.

 Reforms of Peter the Great  1. Westernize Russia  2. Reorganize the army  3. Divided Russia into provinces  St. Petersburg- becomes Russia’s “window to the west”

 Mannerism- new art movement that replaced the artistic Renaissance period.  Characteristics of Mannerism 1. Rules of proportion ignored 2. Suffering 3. Heightened emotions 4. Religious bliss

 El Greco- Mannerism reaches its high point under his work.  Baroque- new art movement that replaced mannerism.  Baroque art sought to bring together the artistic style of the Renaissance with the spiritual feelings of the period.  Gian Lorenzo Bernini- known as the greatest figure of the Baroque period.

 William Shakespeare- one of the greatest dramatists of the Elizabethan Era.  Miguel de Cervantes- writer during the golden age of Spanish literature who authored Don Quixote.  Thomas Hobbes- wrote Leviathan which dealt with political thought.  Believed before society was organized human life was poor,nasty, and solitary.

 Social Contract- proposed by Hobbes which stated people enter this contract in order to save society.  John Locke- authored the Two Treatises of Government which was based of political authority.  Natural Rights-rights people are born with. ( life, liberty, & property.